---

 Background & Objectives: Spironolactone is a diuretic and antiandrogenic drug and is used in the treatment of hypertention 'secondary hyprealdosteronism congestive heart failure' cirrhosis of the liver, nephrotic syndrome 'androgenic alopecia' gynecomastia and hirsutism. In this research, the effects of spironolactone on the serum LH, FSH, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and changes in body weight and testicular tissue in adult male rats, were studied.

 Methods: For this purpose 190 10 g male wistar rats (n=40) were randomly divided into the following grups: control, sham operated (received water) and 25, 50, 100 mg/kg oral spironolactone treated groups. After 14 days body weight and testis weight under laboratory methods, were measured and blood samples were taken from heart and used for the measuring of LH/FSH/testosterone and dihydrotestosterone and then the rates' testes, in order to evaluate the histological changes, were removed and weighed and after obtaining tissue section and staining through HE, they were studied.

 Results: Serum LH level showed a significant increase and testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels showed asignigicant decrease in 100mg/kg spironolactone treated group ( p 0.05 ) and there was no significant difference among serum FSH level, body weight and testicular weight as compared to control group.

 Conclusion: It can be concluded that oral administration of spironolactone maximum dose for 14 days could increase serum LHlevel and decrease testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels.

---

  Background & Objectives : Considering the widespread use of walnut in the cooking of foods and medical applications, the present study evaluate possible effects of alcoholic extract of Walnut on FSH, LH and testosterone concentration in adult male rats.

  Methods: In this experimental study 40 adult male Wistar rats weighing 250-300g were used and divided into five groups, eight rats per each group. Control group do not receive any treatment . Organic solvent was administered as placebo to sham group , three experimental group, that receive different doses of alcoholic extract of walnut , 10 - 20 and 50 (mg/ kg/Intraperitoneally) respectively, were fed daily and serum levels of FSH, LH and testosterone were measured. All data were analyzed by SPSS 16 and one way ANOVA test.
Results: In comparison with control group, only in group treated by 50 mg/kg of walnut extract, FSH and LH concentration increased significantly (P<0.05). Concentration of testosterone in experimental groups (20 mg/kg and 50mg/kg dose of extract) showed significant statistical difference compared with other groups (P<0.05) .

  Conclusion: According to results of this study, alcoholic extract of Walnut affect pituitary- testis axis and increase GnRH and LH secretion rate therefore enhance reproductive activity in male rats.

---

Background & objectives: Terfezia Boudieri (TB) has been used as a sexual stimulant for men in traditional medicine. TB containing fatty acid, flavonoids, beta-carotene, minerals and antioxidants such as, catechin, therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Terfezia Boudieri on sperm and testosterone levels in male rats.
Methods: In this study, 21 adult male Wistar rats, each weighing approximately 250±20g, were randomly divided into three groups (n=7). The first group (control) with no treatment, the second group (sham group) received normal saline (extract solvent) and the third group, was injected intraperitoneally (IP) with 105 mg / kg of methanolic extract of Terfezia boudieri (TBME) (0.2 ml) for 21 days. The blood samples were collected to determine the concentration of testosterone and  finally, the weight and size  of the testicles and epididymis, the number and the  percentage of sperm moving were evaluated Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Turkey's post- hoc tests.
Results: The results of the present study showed that serum levels of testosterone, body weight of rat, testis weight , sperm count and  sperm motility in the experimental group were significantly increased compared with the control group (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that TB at 105 mg/kg dosage can increase the levels of testosterone and improve sperm parameters and therefore, TB can be used to treat sexual impotence and infertility in males.

---

CT
 
Background & objectives: So far, various reports have been presented on the relationship between sex hormones and gender-related differences in pain and analgesia in humans and laboratory animals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of testosterone hormone and spironolactone anti-androgen drug on morphine-induced analgesia in male mice using formalin test.
Methods: In this study, 80 male mice were divided into 10 groups (N=8); normal saline (control), sesame seed oil (as testosterone solvent), testosterone (5 and 10 mg/kg body weight), spironolactone, morphine, sesame seed oil + morphine, testosterone (5 and 10 mg/ kg body weight) + morphine and spironolactone + morphine. Formalin test was performed in all the mice, and data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA.
Results: The results showed that sesame seed oil + morphine (p<0.001), morphine (p<0.001), testosterone (5 mg/kg) + morphine (p<0.01) and testosterone (10 mg/kg) + morphine (p<0.001) significantly reduced acute  pain, and testosterone (5 mg/kg) (p<0.05), testosterone (10 mg/kg) (p<0.01), sesame seed oil + morphine (p<0.001), morphine (p<0.001), testosterone (5 mg/kg) + morphine (p<0.001) and testosterone (10 mg/kg) + morphine (p<0.001) significantly reduced chronic pain compared with control group. Spironolactone had no effect on pain relief in the presence and absence of morphine compared to control group.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that testosterone has analgesic effects on the chronic phase of the pain. On the other hand, spironolactone may have hyperalgesic effects due to its anti-androgenic properties.