---

Background & Objectives: hyperphosphatemia and hyperkalemia have major roles of mortality and morbidity in hemodialysis patients. In this study we evaluated the effectiveness of increase in blood flow rate on blood potassium and phosphate of hemodialysis patients.
Methods: This is a clinical trial study 42 patients were assessed during the hemodialysis. A questionnaire and laboratory tests were used for gathering data. At first questionnaire of demographic data was completed and then the weight of patients was connected to each session of dialysis. Then the patient was connected to dialysis machine and blood sample was gathered before dialyzer. After taking blood sample, flow rate was regulated on 200 ml/min in the first session and on 250 ml/min in the next session. During hemodialysis, hemodynamic status and clinical status of patients was controlled. At the end of hemodialysis and before disconnection patient from dialysis machine, a blood sample was taken from arterial set before dialyzer (4 blood samples for each patient). Blood sample was sent to laboratory and all of them were analyzed by one technician and with one set.
Results: Average phosphorus changed significantly from 3.35 to 2.94 with increasing Qb from 200 to 250 similar to the increase in Qb in potassium removal (from 3.43 to 3.52) meq/lit. Paired t-test (p0.005).
Conclusion: It can be concluded so that increase in blood flow rate from 200ml/min to 250ml/min, can affect removal phosphorus but can not affect removal of potassium

---

  Background: Psychosis is a psychiatric disorder in which reality testing and interpersonal relationships in several important functional areas are impaired. Some biochemical disturbances occur during psychotic period. Due to the vital role of serum potassium level on psychotic patients and its effect on cardiovascular system, this study was conducted to investigate serum potassium changes.

  Materials and Methods: A prospective non- Randomized pre/post test study (Quasi-experimental) was conducted on 103 prepared samples obtained from 103 patients hospitalized in Imam Hossein and Taleghani Hospital during 2005-2006 in Tehran. All subjects were initially interviewed in the first day then considering inclusion / exclusion criteria, blood samples were drawn and Brief psychiatric Rating scales (BPRS) were completed by the researcher. The same process was repeated in the day before release. Data were analyzed through Spearman- multiple regression, Paired test, chi-square and Kolmogorov- Smirnov tests.

  Results: BPRS were significantly different in the first and last days of hospitalization (P<0.019) Serum Potassium levels of the first and last days were meaningfully different (P<0.005) there was a negative correlation between the severity of psychosis in the first day and serum potassium level.

---

  Backgroud & Objective : Inducing of safe airway and rapid , is very important in the anesthesia of emergency patients and it reduces many complications because of delay in the endotrachal intubation .In this group of patients, administration of succinylcholin is a choice. But, this drug has serious complication, that is sudden increase of serum potassium level , and could cause cardiac arrest .So ,it is suggested, use of non blocker dose of non depolarizant neuromuscular blocker (defasciculation), for reducing this response . So , the aim of this study , was to determine the effect of pretreatment atracurium on serum potassium level associated with administration of succinylcholine .

  Methods: This study was performed clinical trial on 82 elective patients aged between 15 -70 years whit ASAI-II (American society of anesthesiology of physical status class)who where scheduled undergo operate general surgery. Premedication drugs are used to all patients , according to weight. and first blood sample was taken, considered as control group. then pretreatment atracurium injection (50mcg/kg) and after three minutes, was performed induction with thiopental sodium (5mg/kg) and succinylcholine (1.5 mg/kg ), and after 5 minutes , second blood sample was taken, test group . blood samples, were poured in the espicial tube of serum potassium and immediately , serums were separated . Then , potasiom level of serums were measured with micro light . The datas analyzed with statistical program ( spss) and then , were compared .

  Results: According to the obtained results , the mean of serum potassium level after administration of succinylcholine associated with defasciculation atracurium and before the administration of pretreatment atracurium (base level) was not different . It was not seen , a statistically significant difference between two groups, with attention to paired- t-test(p=0.936) and wilcoxon signed ranks test (p=0.594).

  Conclusion: Regarding the results of this study , administration of pretreatment atracurium is not effective in prevention of hyperkalemia induced by succinylcholin with attention base level.

---

  Background & Objectives :�Heart rate deflection point (HRDP) plays an important role in predicting anaerobic threshold and monitoring athletes training schedule. Despite some research, the physiological mechanisms involved in occurrence of the HRDP remains to be fully elucidated. The objective of this study was to survey of the agreement between Heart Rate Deflection Point (HRDP) and the Potassium Turn Point (KTP) in young athlete men.

  Methods :�Thirty young men athlete volunteer (Mean ± SD age= 20 ± 1.21 years height = 176 ± 7.34 Cm and weight = 6.58 ± 5.66 Kg) were selected as subjects. Hofmann protocol was used to cause the HRDP. One week later and after determining the HRDP by using the S.Dmax method, subjects performed Hofmann protocol again and blood samples were taken from left forearm vein in five phases, simultaneously. The amount of potassium was measured directly by the Flamephotometer.

  Results :�According to the results of study, the HRDP and KTP were occurred in average in 78% HRmax and 79% HRmax, in all of the subjects, also there was a highly agreement between HRDP and KTP (158 3.84 vs. 159 3.88 b/min). HRDP & KTP were occurred in third phase, simultaneously.

  Conclusion: Based on these results, exercise induced increase in serum potassium during Hofmann incremental cycle ergo-meter testing protocol can be one of the mechanisms of the occurrence of HRDP.