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Showing 41 results for Resistance
Mohammadhasan Namaei , Mohammad Nazem , Ali Sadeghian , Mahboobeh Naderinasab,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (4-2003)
Abstract
Background & Objective: Tuberculosis is a diseases which is severely threatening the individuals health and is spreading quickly. Moreover, the appearance of new strains resistant to drugs has complicated the issue. Since there is no information available regarding the present drug-resistance situation of patients suffering from tuberculosis in Mashhad, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of this resistance in this city. Methods: To determine prevalence of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in Mashhad, drug sensitivity of 75 M. tuberculosis strains isolated from patients with pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis from 20 Feb. 2002 to 20 Aug. 2002 was studied using the indirect proportion method. Every strain was tested against Rifampicin (RMP), Isoniazid (INH), Ethambutol (ETM), and Streptomycin (STM). Medical records of the patients were reviewed. Patients with no or less than 1 month treatment were defined as new cases and those previously treated for more than 1 month were defined as previously treated cases. Results: Of 75 isolates, 70(93.33%) were from new and 5(6.66%) from previously treated cases. 68 patients (90.66%) were suffering from pulmonary and 7(9.33%) from extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Of 75 isolates, 23(36%) were resistant to at least one anti-tuberculosis drug. The highest rate of resistance was observed to streptomycin. Three of the 75 strains (4%) were resistant to all four drugs. 1.43% and 40% of strains isolated from newly and previously treated patients respectively were multidrug resistant. Conclusions: In this study new cases with MDR-TB were less prevalent compared to other studies. Most drug resistance and MDR-TB were associated with previous treatment. Continual evaluation of drug resistance following DOTS implementation seems to be necessary.
Zhinoos Bayatmakoo , Roshanak Bayatmakoo ,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (4-2004)
Abstract
Background & Objective: The emergence of multi-drug resistant salmonella strains h ave made t h e treatment of typhoid fever difficult all over the world. It is even more complicated w h en t h e hi g h cost of newly marketed antibiotics, their side effects and arising bacterial resistance to them are considered. Knowledge of antibiotic sensitivity and resistance of salmonella can make prevention of side-effects and emergence of resistance as well as the treatment measures more effective in this region. Methods : This descriptive study was performed in a 6-year period between 1992-97 on 397 patients who were culture positive (blood and stool) in terms of typhoid. The drug resistance was determined based on the anti-biogram of salmonella separated from blood and stool culture of the patients. Results: The total number of patients was 397 (237 males, 160 females). All of the subjects were above 12 years old. The resistance of strains of salmonella separated from the blood and stool culture to an antibiotic was 76.9 and 79.6 percent respectively. Resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, co-trimoxazole and chloramphenicol was highest among others. There were 60 strains with multi-drug resistance 34 of which (8.57% of all patients) were separated from blood culture and 26 (6.55% of all patients) from stool-culture. The amount of microorganisms multi-drug resistance separated from blood and stool was 6.55% and 8.57% respectively (15.12% in total). Conclusions : Using antibiotics without the knowledge of bacterial resistance and sensitivity can complicate the issue.
Tajaddin Akbarzadeh Khiavi , Mohammadreza Nahaei , Ahmad Rahmati , Mohammad Asgharzadeh, Javid Sadegi ,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (4-2007)
Abstract
Background and Aims: Staphylococcus aureus as aGram- positive coccus causes a variety of infections in humans. It is one of the infectious agents in hemodialysis patients. Those patients who carry this organism at their nose are exposed to infection and possible morbidity and mortality due to this bacterium. Resistance to antibiotics in staphylococci is increasing. Resistance development is due to mutation and by plasmid DNA transmission. The aim of this study was to determine plasmid profile and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from nasal carriers in dialysis patients in Imam Khomeini Medical Center. Susceptibility testing to antibiotics, plasmid extraction and analysis and epidemiologic relationship of these isolates were investigated. Methods: In this study nasal specimens of 107 patients in dialysis ward of Imam Khomeini Medical Center were collected and cultured on blood agar plates. The colonies were identified as S.aureus strains. The susceptibility of 50 strains isolated from the patients against 12 antibiotics were tested using Kirby- Bauer standard method. A standard S.aureus strain (ATCC29213) was used to control quality of antibiotic discs. The isolates were cultured on LB medium and plasmid DNAs were extracted and electrophoresed on agarose gel using Parisi et al method. Results : The results of resistance rate against 12 used antibiotics were as follows: resistance of the strains against gentamicin, oxacillin, neomycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, cotrimoxazole, choloramphenicole, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin were 20%, 28%, 30%, 26%, 30%, 44%, 32%, 36%, and 10%, respectively. All of the strains were resistant to amoxycillin and penicillin and none of them were resistant to vancomycin. Of 50 S. aureus strains, only 27 strains contained plasmid DNA. Most of the strains revealed a big plasmid. Plasmid profiles of the strains will be presented. Discussion: Our results showed that there was a close relationship between high resistance to antibiotics and presence of plasmids in S. aureus strains. Similarities among resistance to antibiotics and plasmid profiles in our strains isolated from the same ward showed that these strains were from the same sources and indicated a unique clonal possibility. The resistance to antibiotics of the strains lacking plasmids could be from choromosomal resistance
Mohammad Rahbar , Roghaiye Sabourian , Mahnaz Saremi , Mohammad Abbasi , Hosein Masoumi Asl , Mahmood Soroush ,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (4-2007)
Abstract
Objectives: Cholera is an endemic disease in Iran and some cases of this disease are reported throughout the world annually. The aim of this study was to determine epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype ELTor serotype Inaba in 2005 summer outbreak in Iran. Methods: Stool samples were collected from patients suspected of having cholera who were admitted to hospitals and clinics and then were cultured in TCBS. Specimens examined by confirmed bacteriological methods and ultimately they were serotyped by special antiserums. Finally 5% of the isolates were sent to Cholera Reference Laboratory for confirmation, serotyping and susceptibility testing. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion methods and E-test minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) as recommended by NCCLS. Results: Totally, 1118 patients were to have cholera the epidemicity. The Disease was reported from twenty six provinces. The majority of cases were reported from Tehran, Qum and Hamedan with 219, 190 and 150 cases respectively. 50% of patients were between 15-34 years old. 53% of patients were male and 47% female. 97.7% of patients had Iranian nationality, 2.3% were from Afghanistan and Pakistan. 20% of patients were hospitalized and 80% were treated as outpatients. Case mortality rate was 1%. 1104 isolates were Inaba serotype and only 14 cases were ogawa serotype. Our studies revealed that the origin of Vibrio cholerae was consumption of raw vegetables that were watered by sewage. We also isolated V. cholerae from sewages. All isolates were resistant to Co-trimoxazole, Nalidixic acid, Furazolidone, and intermediate to Chloramphenicole. All isolates were susceptible to Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, and Erythromycin. MIC for Co-trimoxazole and Nalidixic acid were over 256µg/ml and 1.5µg/ml for Erythromycin. The antibiogram results showed that all isolates had the same origin. Conclusion: Our study reveals that, unlike previous epidemics, the causative agent of cholera in summer outbreak of 2005 was V. Cholerae ELTor, serotype Inaba. Concering the similar antibiogram pattern they had the same origin.
Mohammadreza Nahaei , Reza Bohloli Khiavi , Mohammad Asgarzadeh, Alka Hasani , Javid Sadeghi, Mohammad Akbari Dibavar ,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (4-2007)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a nosocomial pathogen that presents high antibiotic resistance.There are phenotyping and genotyping methods for epidemiologic study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa such as antibiotic resistance pattern and plasmid profile analysis. Plasmid analysis provides useful information concerning the source of the strains and number of clones present in the epidemies. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate antibiotic and plasmid profiles of P. aeruginosa strains isolated from in-patients of the Sina Medical Centre of Tabriz to clarify epidemyological correlation among isolated strains. Methods: During 13 months, 135 strains of P. aeruginosa were isolated from different infections in hospitalized patients at Sina Medical Center of Tabriz. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using disc agar diffusion test. For plasmid DNA extraction and detection of open circular bands from supercoiled ones, modified alkaline lysis procedure and two dimensional electrophoresis were used, respectively. Enzymatic digestion of plasmids was carried out by EcoRI and HincII restriction enzymes. Results: Resistance rates of strains against antibacterial agents were recorded as: Aztreonam (77%), colistin (74%), ceftazidime (69%), pipracillin (67%), ofloxacin (62%), tobramycin (56%), carbenicillin (54%), gentamicin (51%), ciprofloxacin (22%), amikacin (15%), polymixin B (13%) and imipenem (2%). Plasmid profiles of our test strains revealed that only 67 strains harbored plasmid(s). Number of isolated plasmids ranged 1-6 in each strain with molecular mass of 0.5kb-21kb. When the isolated plasmids were digested using restriction endonuclease enzymes (EcoRI and HincII), in 32% of them similar digestion profiles were obtained by EcoRI indicating a unique source for them. Conclusion : Our findings suggest high antibiotic resistance and plasmid presence in P. aeruginosa strains isolated from different infections, and there were remarkable similarities among isolated plasmids. Since our test strains had been isolated from various wards in a short period of time, the results raise the possibility of unique source for some strains or high prevalence of genetic exchange among P. aeruginosa strains.
Vahed Alaei, Farhad Salehzadeh,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (9-2008)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Identifying urinary tract infection, especially in infants and young children is very important from the viewpoint of start of treatment, and if it is delayed probably the children are affected by risk of failure to thrive, sepsis and chronic problems such as renal scars, increase of arterial blood pressure and renal failure. Increasing usage of antibiotics, result in AB resistance microorganism. This study was done because of bacterial differences in resistance in different regions and the change in the rate of resistance in UTI. Methods:This research is a descriptive-prospective study 510 children under the age of 12 as the study samples were chosen. These children were referred to clinics of Ardabil Aliasghar and Sabalan Hospitals in 2006. Their urine culture colony was above 100000. Data gathering was accomplished by their parents through questionnaire and interview's then gathered Data were analyzed by computer software programs of the SPSS and Excel. Results:Findings of research showed that symptoms of malodorous urine (54.7%) in children under 12 months, dysuria (58.9%) in 1-3 years age groups, frequency (54.8%) in 3-6 years old groups dysuria (49.2%) in 6 years old groups and above were most prevalent symptoms which were reported. From the viewpoint of gender differences UTI in girls was 4 times more than that of boys that this difference in 1-3 years old groups was highest range (4.8 to 1). About antibiotical resistancy of microorganisms, Ampicillin with 78.9% resistance, Co-trimoxazole with 66%, Cephalexin with 62.8% and cephazoline with 33.3% were most resistant antibiotics respectively. E-coli resistance against gentamicine was 15.8%, that compared with other microorganisms is very high and its resistance against ceftriaxon was 8%, which is low compared with other microorganisms. Conclusion: Findings of research showed the variety of UTI symptoms in children and also showed that drug resistancy against Ampicillin, Co-trimoxazole, Cephalexin and cephazoline is high.
Abbasali Imani Foolad , Zahra Rostami , Reza Shapouri,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (9-2010)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Detection of TEM and SHV genes in ESBL producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their antimicrobial resistance pattern can provide useful information about the epidemiology and risk factors of associated infections. In this study we determined the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and prevalence of ESBLs in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Methods: In this analytic-descriptive study, 110 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from different clinical specimens were used. The pattern of antimicrobial resistance was determined by disk diffusion (Kirby-buer) method. The ESBL production was determined by combination disk method using disks containing ceftazidim and cefotaxim alone and in combination with Clavulanic acid. SHV and TEM types of ESBL producing genes was detected by PCR. Results: In this study Co-trimoxazole and Amoxicilin with 96.4% and 92.7% and Amikacin with 17.3% showed the highest and lowest resistance against isolates respectively. According to PCR results 37.5% and 12.5% of isolate were carried SHV and TEM genes respectively and 12.5% of isolate were carried both the SHV and TEM genes. Conclusion: According to the results most of the isolates are drug resistant and among the ESBL producing strains the frequency of SHV type is higher than TEM . The isolate ceftazidim resistance was contains SHV (37.5%) and TEM gene (12.5%), that showed SHV and TEM genes play more important role in create of ceftazidim resistance than cefotaxim resistance.
Mahshid Talebi Taher, Masoumeh Abasi , Mitra Barati ,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (9-2010)
Abstract
Background and objectives: Because of diminished inflammatory responses to microbial invasion, the identification and diagnosis of diabetic foot infections remains a complex problem. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial agents of diabetic foot infection and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Additionally the percent of infections that were lead to amputation was determined. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on a cross sectional basis at two teaching hospitals. Documents belonging to patients with diabetic foot infections in stages III and IV were studied. All demographic information, clinical manifestations, culture results, outcome of infection and other necessary data were recorded in special data sheets. The SPSS 13 statistical software was used for analyzing data. Statistical significance was assayed by Student’s t-test and chi2. The differences were considered to be significant at the p<0.05 level. Results: Fifty two patients were selected, 36 patients (69.2%) were male. The mean age of patients was 60±12.8 years, and the mean duration of diabetes was 17±10.6 years. Amputation was done in 29 patients, and a significant correlation was found between duration of diabetes and amputation (p=0.04). The most frequently isolated pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus (38.46%) E. coli (15.4%), coagulase negative staphylococci (13.5%), and proteus spp (13.5%). Antimicrobial susceptibility results showed that 55% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to methicillin. All the Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococci isolates were sensitive to vancomycin. 100% and 87.5% of E. coli isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime respectively. All Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were sensitive to ceftazidime. Conclusion: More than half of patients with diabetic foot infection were under amputation and there was significant correlation between amputation and duration of diabetes, so prevention of foot ulcer is very important in those patients. The results showed that the most isolates were resistance against common antibiotics and antibiogram is the best way to choose appropriate therapy in these patients.
Hosein Khadem Haghighian , Alireza Farsad Naimi, Bahram Pourghassem Gargari , Akbar Ali-Asgharzadeh , Ali Nemati ,
Volume 10, Issue 4 (12-2010)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Different types of diets and several chemical and herbal drugs are used for decreasing the fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and insulin resistance in type II diabetic patients. New herbal medicines including cinnamon have been considered for controlling diabetes. Since few reports have been presented in other countries and many studies have been done in animal models in laboratory condition, this study was aimed to investigate cinnamon supplementation effects on fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and insulin resistance among type II diabetic patients . Methods: In a clinical trial study, 60 male and female patients with type II diabetes mellitus (30 patients in control and 30 patients in treatment group) were selected in Tabriz city, during 1388. The intervention group received 1.5 g of cinnamon (as a capsule containing 500 mg powder, three times daily) for 60 days and control group received placebo. Blood samples obtained from patients to determine the levels of fasting blood glucose, the glycosylated hemoglobin and insulin, before and after cinnamon consumption. Insulin resistance was measured by HOMA score and data were expressed as Mean ± SD and analyzed statistically by Student t-test. p<0.05 was considered as significant . Results: After 60 days, the fasting blood glucose levels, the glycosylated hemoglobin and the insulin resistance decreased significantly in the intervention group compared to controls (p<0.05). There was no significant change in the fasting blood glucose levels, the glycosylated hemoglobin and the insulin resistance in the control group at the end of 60 days. Conclusion: This study showed the consumption of cinnamon can be useful in the fasting blood glucose, the glycosylated hemoglobin and the insulin resistance control among type II diabetic patients .
Abbasali Imani Foolad, Maryam Hosainzadeh, Seiyed Fazlollah Mousavi ,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (4-2011)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative and aerobic bacterium. Exotoxin A is one of the important toxins produced by the bacterium and it is the main cause of mortality. About 90% of P. aeruginosa strains produce this toxin. Biofilm is a functional consortium of microorganisms attached to the body surfaces and bacteria are embedded in extracellular polymeric substances produced by the microorganisms. This bacterium is nontoxic in the planktonic form, but as a biofilm is highly toxic. In this study, we examined the association between the presence of exo-A gene and antibiotic resistance patterns with biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Methods: In this study 110 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from various infections with defined antibiotic resistance patterns were used. The PCR method was used to detect the presence or absence of Exotoxin A gene (exo-A). Ability of biofilm formation was evaluated by spectrophotometry. Association between exo-A gene and antibiotic resistance patterns with biofilms formation was analyzed statistically by Fishers and Chi-square tests. Results: exo-A gene was detected in 93 strains (84.5%). Sixty two strains were multidrug resistant and they produced broad spectrum beta-lactamase enzyme. Results showed that, exo-A positive strains had significantly higher ability to biofilm formation in comparison with exo-A negative strains (p<0.05). Also the biofilm formation was significantly higher in multidrug resistant and ESBL producing strains (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that there is a significant association between exo-A gene as well as antibiotic resistance pattern and ESBl producing with biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Because of importance of biofilms in the pathogenesis of this bacterium, our study could open a new window for investigation of the molecular processes involved in the formation of biofilms.
Parviz Mohajeri , Babak Izadi , Mansour Rezai , Badie Falahi , Hosna Khademi , Roya Ebrahimi ,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (4-2011)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Nowadays, appearance of ESBL producing bacteria is medical problem in the treatment of infections. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli like many other bacteria can produce these types of enzymes. T he assessment of the ESBL production by clinical isolates is not done routinely in laboratories. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL producing E.coli and its antibiotic resistance pattern in Kermanshah. Methods: This cross - sectional study was done on 200 Uropathogenic E. coli strains isolated from people in Kermanshah. Sensitivity of isolates to different antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion test and ESBL production was assessed by DDST method. Results: The E. coli strains showed high susceptibility to imipenem (100%), amikacin (97%), nitrofurantoin (95.5%), gentamicin (85%), cefepime (75%), ceftazidime (74%), ofloxacin (73.5%), ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and aztreonam (71%) and cefotaxime (70%) respectively. The highest resistance was seen to ampicillin (77%), carbenicillin (76%), pipracillin (74%) and SXT (62.5% ). Resistance rate to third generation cephalosporins was 63-75%. Fifty seven isolates (27%) were ESBL producers and 47 isolates (87%) produced all four types of ESBL enzymes. Conclusion: There are some similarities and differences in the antibiotic resistance pattern and ESBL production among the isolates in different areas of Iran and other countries. Identification of ESBL producing bacteria and determining its antimicrobial resistance pattern are recommended to effective treatment of infections.
Sara Rahbar, Naser Ahmadiasl,
Volume 12, Issue 3 (9-2012)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Numerous studies have been conducted to assess the effects of acute resistance exercises on the structure and the function of heart, but little works done on effects of chronic resistance exercises. So, the objective of current study was to investigate the long term effect of regular exercises on cardiac function and oxidative stress. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats in the weight range of 250- 300 g were used in this study. They were divided in 2 following groups: The 3 months exercises test group and control group which remained without exercises. Regular resistive exercise was carried out according to the model proposed by Tamaki et al. Test group rats exercised for three months. Finally the hearts of 10 rats in each group were taken for homogenization, oxidative stress measurement and the other ten were examined for heart function. Malondialdhyde as an index of oxidative stress and superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxides and catalase as an indicator of antioxidant capacity with special kits were specifically measured. Results: Regular resistive exercise didn't significantly affect the rats' weight, but heart weight in exercise group showed a significant increase (p<0.05). There was a significant decrease in heart rate in exercise group (p<0.05). Left ventricle contraction strength and coronary flow had a significant increase in exercise group in comparison with control group (p<0.05). There was not any significant difference in Malondialdhyde and antioxidant enzymes activity. Conclusion: This study showed that, heart efficiency had a significant improvement under effect of regular resistive exercise. Meanwhile, regular resistive exercise didn’t have any significant effect on oxidative stress and heart antioxidant defense capacity.
Shahram Abdoli Oskouie, Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee , Ali Ajhangh , Babak Abdinia,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (4-2013)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Staphylococci are among common causes of community acquired and nosocomial infections around the world. Over the last decade, the resistance of these bacteria in hospital environments is increasing to various antibiotics such as vancomycin. The aim of present study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values among a clinical collection of staphylococci isolated from hospitalized children in Tabriz. Methods: In this prospective and descriptive study, 88 staphylococcal isolates including 53 S. aureus and 35 coagulase-negative staphylococcus species were recovered from various clinical specimens referred to microbiology laboratory of Children Hospital during study period (April 2011 to March 2012). Susceptibility of the isolates against 15 different antimicrobial agents and MIC values of vancomycin was tested using standard disk diffusion and E-test methods respectively. Results: According to the results of drug susceptibility testing, vancomycin and rifampin were the most effective but clindamycin and penicillin were the least effective drugs against tested isolates. Accordingly, the prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains was determined more than 80%. According to MIC values, 13.2% of S. aureus and 3.3% of coagulase-negative staphylococcus isolates showed intermediate resistance to vancomycin. None of the isolates was fully resistant to vancomycin isolates in this study. Conclusion: Although fully vancomycin resistant staphylococci was not found among tested isolates in this study, there was VISA strains. Since there are reports on the emergence of VRSA strains from Iran and other countries, it is necessary for the clinician to care in prescription of vancomycin as a selective drug against staphylococcal infections. Moreover, the necessity of MIC measurement in determining of vancomycin susceptibility is more apparent.
Delsuz Rezaee , Gholamreza Zarrini , Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives : Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen with increasing relevance in a variety of hospital-acquired infections especially among intensive care unit patients. A. baumannii is mostly a cause of septicemia, pneumonia and urinary tract infection following hospitalization of patients. In this study antibiotic susceptibility pattern of A.baumannii isolates and molecular typing among isolates resistant by REP-PCR were determined. Methods : During study, the A. baumannii, were isolated from hospitals in Tehran. The isolates were identified using standard biochemical tests and antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method. Extraction of DNA and molecular typing of isolates performed using CTAB method and REP-PCR, respectively. Results : In this study 75 A. baumannii isolates separated from patients with an average age of 51 ± 18.45 years . The highest resistance rate was against azteronam (97%), ceftazidim (93%), cefepime (93%), piperacillin-tazobactam (93%), ciprofloxacin (93%) and ticarcillin (93%) while the lowest resistance rate was against tigecycline (n= 51, 68%), followed by tobramycin (n=24, 32%), ampicillin-sulbactam (n=21, 28%), amikacin (n=16, 21%), and carbapenems (n=11, 15%). The REP-PCR in resistant of A. baumannii isolates showed that the genotypes of A, B and C are the predominant genotypes in the resistant antibiotics. Conclusion: This study showed a high percentage of resistance to antimicrobial agents among genotypes A, B, and C of the A. baumannii isolates therefore strategies to control the spread of A. baumannii isolates must be designed and evaluated.
Mohsen Yaghoubi , Lotfali Bolboli , Abbas Naghizadeh , Aydin Valizadeh , Samad Safarzadeh ,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2014)
Abstract
Background and Objectives : The risk of coronary artery disease increases with increasing of blood pressureboth in hypertensive and normotensive persons on the other hand nutritional factors have asignificant effect on blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to assess theeffect of caffeine on blood pressure in sedentary healthy male during resistance exercise. Methods: In single-blind crossover study , twenty healthy and non-athlete male in the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili randomly selected and stratified according to age and BMI into twogroups: caffeine and placebo. The subjects performed repetitions to exhaustion at 60% of 1RM for any motion of chest press, leg press, squat and lat pulldown, 1 hour after taking caffeine (6 mg/kg body weight) or Placebo (similar dosage of starch). Blood pressure (BP) was measured before and 1 hour after taking caffeine and also immediately after any exercise. Data analysis was conducted using independent and paired t-test. Results : Results indicated that systolic and diastolic BP and mean arterial pressure significantly elevated following caffeine intake at rest, but no significant differences were observed after exercise. Conclusion: These findings indicate that caffeine at this dosage level alters cardiovascular dynamics by augmenting arterial blood pressure in moderately non-athletes male at rest. However, it seems that taking caffeine before resistance exercise does not cause abnormal elevations in blood pressure in sedentary healthy male.
Samira Sheikh Ghomi , Parisa Farnia , Mojtaba Darbouy ,
Volume 14, Issue 2 (7-2014)
Abstract
Background & objectives: The rapid identification of patients carrying resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.TB) isolates is important for effective tuberculosis therapy. Unfortunately, during the recent years considerable numbers of isolates showed resistant to Rifampin (RIF) and Isoniazid (INH). The aim of this study was to rapidly identify resistant MTB isolates using molecular method. For this reason, the comparison between real-time PCR based on Taqman and HRM AssayS in detection of rpoB, inhA and katG genes mutation in clinical isolates were performed and analyzed. Methods: The study carried out on Mycobacteriology Research Center (MRC) from 2012-2013. Classical susceptibility testing i.e., proportional method against INH and RIF was performed on eighty three M.TB isolates. Thereafter, multiplex and real-time PCR were performed on extracted DNA sample. The real-time PCR was based on Taqman and HRM assays. Mutation in genes rpoB, inhA and katG were detected. Results: In overall, based on proportional and multiplex PCR method, 47 and 35 isolates were resistant to RIF and INH, respectively. Thirty of strains were resistant to both RIF and INH. The agreement of real-time PCR using Taqman was 88% for resistant and 84% for susceptible isolates, whereas the agreement of HRM was 96% and 30%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of Taqman in comparison to multiplex were 84% and 88%, respectively. In addition, the sensitivity and specificity of HRM were 30% and 96%, respectively. Conclusion: Results documented that real-time PCR based on Taqman assay is more sensitive than HRM assay. Additionally, real-time PCR based on Taqman assay is a rapid, accurate and cost effective method in detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance.
Maryam Adabi, Mahshid Talebi Taher , Leila Arbabi, Mastaneh Afshar , Sara Fathizadeh, Sara Minaeian, Niloofar Moghadam-Marageh, Ali Majidpour ,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (4-2015)
Abstract
Background & objectives: Wound infection is a predominant cause of death in burned patients who are clearly at increased risk of nosocomial infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common cause of burn infections and is difficult to treat because of having high level of resistance to antibiotics. The aim of this study was to perform isolation, identification and determination of antibiotics resistance pattern of P. aeruginosa strains isolated from wounds of hospitalized burn patient.
Methods: Biochemical and molecular tests were used for identification of the P. aeruginosa and antibacterial susceptibility test was performed using disk diffusion (Kirby- Bauer) methods. Then, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was performed for four representatives of different groups of antibiotics.
Results: Among 94 evaluated strains of P. aeruginosa, 83 isolates (88.3%) were multi drugs resistant. Based on Kirby-Bauer method, the most resistance was seen to cefepime (89.5 %) and among the antibiotics studied to determine the MIC, the most resistance was observed to ciprofloxacin (89 %).
Conclusion: These results indicate high range of resistance to different antibiotics among strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from burn wounds of patients. So, the fast and accurate measurement and evaluation of antibiotic resistance for appropriate antibiotic therapy of burned patients is imperative.
A Pourrahimghouroghchi, P Babaei, A Damirchi, B Soltanitehrani, S Ghorbanishirkoohi,
Volume 15, Issue 3 (10-2015)
Abstract
� Background & objectives: Obesity and visceral fat accumulation after menopause are associated with lipid profile changes, metabolic syndrome and c ardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8-week aerobic - resistance training and estrogen replacement therapy on visceral fat and cardiovascular risk factors in ov ariectomized rats.
� Methods: Fifty female Wistar rats were ov ariectomized and divided into 5 OVX groups (n=10 rats per group): Ovx+sedentary (Sedentary), aerobic - resistance training (Ovx+Exe), aerobic - resistance training+estrogen replacement therapy (Ovx+Exe+Est), estrogen replacement therapy (Ovx+Est) and vehicle group or sesame oil (Ovx+Oil). The exercise consisted of aerobic-resistance training (20 m/min, 3 days/week, 60 min/day, 10% slope, Load 3% body weight) 17b-estradiol valerate (30 �g/kg bw in 0.2 ml sesame oil) were injected subcutaneously three days a week during 8 week. The co-treatment group received both exercise and estradiol protocol as same as previous groups.
� Results: After 8-week of interventions, visceral fat significantly reduced by Ovx+Exe and Ovx+Exe+Est compared to Sedentary rats (p<0.05), however no significant difference in body weight was observed. BMI significantly reduced in Ovx+Exe and Ovx+Exe+Est groups compared to Sedentary group. Also, BMI significantly reduced in Ovx+Est compared to Ovx+Oilgroup (p<0.05). Although this intervention changed lipid profiles, they were not statistically significant in neither of groups. Statistical comparisons between groups were performed usingone-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey&rsquos post-hoc test. The differences were considered significant at p<0.05.
� Conclusion: Eight weeks aerobic-resistance training successfully decreases visceral fat and BMI.
Roqiyeh Nouri, Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee , Alka Hasani, Mohammad Aghazadeh, Mohammad Asgharzadeh, Morteza Ghojazadeh,
Volume 16, Issue 2 (7-2016)
Abstract
Background & objectives: Fluoroquinolones have important role in treatment of P. aeruginosa infections. The main mechanism of fluoroquinolones resistance in P. aeruginosa is mutations in the quinolone-resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA and parC genes. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of these mutations in ciprofloxacin resistance in different clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa.
Methods: A total of 75 clinical P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from different university-affiliated hospitals in Tabriz. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin were evaluated by Etest assay. DNA sequences of the QRDR of gyrA and parC were determined by dideoxy chain termination method.
Results: From 75 isolates, 77.33% were resistant to ciprofloxacin. No amino acid changes were detected in gyrA or parC genes of the ciprofloxacin susceptible isolates. Thr-83→Ile substitution in gyrA was observed in all ciprofloxacin resistant isolates. About 90% of them had Ser-87→Leu substitution in parC. Geometric mean MICs of ciprofloxacin were different for various clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa which had the same situation in type and location of gyrA and parC mutations. Moreover, the geometric mean MIC in isolates from urine was significantly (p<0.05) higher than isolates from tracheal aspirates.
Conclusion: Mutations in gyrA and parC genes are the major mechanisms for ciprofloxacin resistance in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Moreover, the role of different effective factors in fluoroquinolone resistance can be different in various clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa.
Fatemeh Ghannadiasl , Reza Mahdavi,
Volume 16, Issue 2 (7-2016)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Obesity is associated with metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance. Weight loss is always recommended for meaningful reduction in these abnormalities. Therefore, we examined the effects of balanced low calorie diet on weight loss, fasting insulin and insulin resistance in obese women attending the nutrition clinic.
Methods: In this clinical trial, forty five volunteer apparently healthy obese women (body mass index: 33.28 ± 2.90 kg/m2 and age: 28.40 ± 7.98 years) were recruited from the nutrition clinic in their first visit. The participants were received a balanced low calorie diet over 6 months after anthropometry measurement and blood sampling for determination of fasting insulin and insulin resistance level. Balanced low calorie diet was an individualized diet with an energy deficit of 500 calories of daily energy intake that was calculated from 3-day food records for every person. At 6 months after intervention, continuous and dichotomous variables were assessed using paired t-test and McNemar test, respectively.
Results: The mean recommended energy intake was 2241.78 ± 219.02(kcal). After 6 months, there were significant reductions in body weight (p=0.003), body mass index (p=0.005), waist and hip circumferences (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). There was also significant improvement in fasting insulin level (13.47 ± 6.55 vs. 11.95 ± 4.17 µU/ml, p=0.01). Whereas, insulin resistance had not significant reduction (p=0.1).
Conclusion: In obese women attending the nutrition clinic, the balanced low calorie diet resulted in weight loss and improvement in fasting insulin. These positive changes can help to decrease the risk factor profile in obese individuals.
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