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 Background & Objectives:�Understanding children’s behavior and its affecting factors is the foundation for practicing dentistry for children effectively and, at the same time instilling a positive dental attitude into them. A number of studies have been done in this regard during the last three decades. This study is another attempt to find out proper strategies in order to control and optimize the diagnostic and trearment measures as well as to investigate the effect of mothers ’ personality characteristics on children ’ s behavior.

 Methods: The sample consisted of 104 randomly selected children (53 boys and 51 girls) at the age of 3 to 6 together with their mothers. The children had no previous dental experiences and no mental or physical disabilities entailing special care. Children’s behavior was assessed during three different dental visits according to Frankle ’ s Behavioral Rating Scale, in which four distinctive scales, namely absolutely negative, negative, positive and absolutely positive were precisely defined and scaled. The first visit was dental examination, the second was fluoride therapy and the last one was restorative dental treatment. Meanwhile, their mothers ’ personalities were determined through an interview conducted by a psychiatrist and based on DSMIV criteria and using General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) these personality characteristics were categorized in four groups: Normal, Depressed, Anxious and Obsessional.

 Results:�The findings revealed that 12.5% of children had no cooperation during 3 visits, most of whom were 3 to 4 years old. The difference was significant compared to 4-5 and 5-6 year old children (p<0.05). In addition, sex did not influence children ’ s behavior. This study showed that children of mothers with obsessional personality were the most cooperative ones during the 3 visits compared to mothers with other personality characteristics. This difference was statistically significant at the first visit, (p<0.05).

  Conclusion: Mother ’ s personality has the strongest effect on children’s behavior during the first dental visit.

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  Background & Objective: postpartum depression is a kind of psychiatric disorder that psychosocial factors relate with it . This study was performed in order to determine relationship between postpartum depression and psychosocial effects and Determine the rate of postpartum depression in mothers visiting health-medical centers in city of Rasht .

  Method: In this descriptive-correlational study, 350 women were selected in the Random cluster manner. The instruments for gathering data were two questionnaires including psychosocial effects and Edinbugh test. The reseacher completed these questionnaires through interview.

  Results: The results indicated that 16% of samples suffered from postpartum depression. The results indicated a significant correlation between the satisfaction of life and husband's relatives (p=0.021) the lifes life's unpleasant events (p<0.0001) the psychological disorder history in family (p<0.0001) the post partum depression history in family (p=0.008) the unwanted pregnancy (p=0.041) tendency to abortion (p<0.0001) the satisfaction of mothers about the neonatal gendel (p=0.034) the satisfaction of husband's family about neonatal gentiv (p=0.005) the kind of communication with husband (p<0.0001) The kind of communication with husband's family (p<0.0001) and the postpartum depression .

  Conclusion: Nurses have important roles in secondary prevention and screening women suffering from postpartum depepression, and also in appropriate and quick refering them to psychiatrist. Nurses need to be knowledgeable about high-risk factors and share the information with mothers and their families .

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Background & objectives: This study was conducted to compare the basic psychological needs and different levels of Theory of mind between mothers of oppositional defiant disorder and hyperactivity / attention deficit disorder children
Methods: The statistical population of the study included all mothers of childern with oppositional defiant disorder and hyperactivity/attention deficit disorder in psychiatric clinics of Fatemi hospital of Ardabil in 1396-1397. These mothers were randomly assigned in to two groups (35 people in group ODD & 35 people in group ADHD). The instruments used in this study were: Theory of mind, basic psychological needs and Children's Symptoms Questionnaire (CSI-4 Parent Form). The collected data were entered into SPSS-21 software and analyzed by data analysis method. Multivariate variance (MANOVA) was used.
Results: The results of the analysis of variance finding show that is no significant difference between mental theory (p>0.407, F=0.697) of basic psychological needs such as competency (p>0.336, F=0.393) self-determination (p>0.597, F=0.283) and communication (p>03.387, F=0.760) between two groups of mothers of children with oppositional defiant disorder and hyperactivity disorder/attention deficit.
Conclusion: These results show that the importance of paying attention to the basic psychological needs and the theory of the minds of mothers of these children in improving the educational status of social communication and emotional assessments and cognitive development of the child.