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  Background & Objective : Diabetes is one of the most important world health problems and a chronic disease that needs continuous care. Therefore, these kinds of patients should take self- care education. This study is an attempt to investigate the effect of nutritional education on blood sugar level and macronutrients intake in IDDM patients.

  Methods : 24 IDDM patients under 20 were selected for educational program on nutrition. The data were collected two times using food questionnaire (24- hour recall) and blood sugar level before and after education was estimated. The data were analyzed by paired t-test, using SPSS and Food Processor.

  Results : There was not statistically significant relationship between blood sugar level before and after education. Also the results showed that there was statistically significant relationship between macronutrients intake before and after education (P=0.35). After education, macronutrients were similar to WHO recommendations. HbA₁C level in most of the patients was 9-12% which refers to the moderate control of this diseases and hypoglycemia decreased from 4.2% to 3%.

  Conclusions : There were no remarkable changes in blood sugar but the amount of HbA₁C and Macro Nutrients showed that education had a positive effect on patients.

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 Background & Objective: Poster is a non-projector, visual, graphic and printed medium that is applied in various cases specially in health education. On the other hand, one of the health education experts task is evaluation of educational methods and media. Since few studies were performed on effectiveness of posters on knowledge of people, this study was designed to determine the percentage of people who looked at the posters in health centers and also to determine the level of knowledge attained from these posters located in different places of health centers.

 Methods: This was a semi-experimental study. The population was people who referred to Shahid Gannadi health center. Samples were selected by simple random method. The data were collected by a questionnaire. The posters were fixed in three places during three different stages and the collected data were analyzed.

 Results: The findings showed that from among these subjects, 18.8% in the first stage, 20.8% in the second stage and 61.2% in third stage observed the fixed posters. The probability of the poster to be seen near the doorway and examination room was equal (Odds Ratio=0.9) whereas the probability of the same posters to be seen in waiting hall was 7 times as much as the previously mentioned locations. The ANOVA indicated no significant difference between demographic variables (age, sex, marital status, ets) of study subjects and their knowledge scores.

 Conclusions: The study showed that People paid very little attention to fixed poster. Therefore, regarding the role of posters in increasing the knowledge level, several strategies should be employed to make people pay more attention to these posters. Following the accepted standards in preparation and fixation of posters and preparation of three dimensional boards for the posters in health care centers are suggested.

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  Background & Objective :Depression is one of the most common disorders which can affect every individual. However some individuals (including the students of medical sciences) who are involved in health issues are more vulnerable in this regard. The early diagnosis of this disorder among the students can lead to primary prevention and avoid any further progression and deteriration. This in turn can result in mental health among these students as well as the society. The present study set out to investigate the rate of depression among the students of Ardabil university of medical sciences.

  Methods : This research is an analytic-descriptive study conducted on 324 students from Ardabil University of Medical Scinces. A questionnaire including two sections was used to collect the data. The first section was about the demographic information and the second section included questions about depression based on Beck depression test. The data were analyzed by SPSS soft waire using descriptive and analytical statistics.

  Results : The results showed that 57.4% of total subjects (186 students) suffered from various degrees of depression. 128 of these students were suffering from clinical depression. The prevalence of depression among midwifery students was 21.4 %. Chi- square test showed a significant relationship among prevalence of depression in these students with their educational semester , the number of their siblings, any kind of major physical disorder in the subject or, a serious psychological problem among their family members , as well as any significant event during the previous year.

  Conclusions : According to obtained results there was a high degree of depression among medical university students and serious measures should be taken in the future in order to prevent this social concern.

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 Background & Objectives: It is estimated that 4-10% of diabetic patients suffer from foot ulcer. About one in five people with diabetes enters hospital for foot problems. Regarding the importance of education for these patients, the present research was conducted to evaluate the effect of education on foot care among diabetic patients referring to Ardabil Buali hospital.

 Methods: From the diabetic patients referring to Buali hospital (diabetes center) 120 patients admitted for the first time, who had had no past training about diabetes, were selected. Each patient was asked to fill out a questionnaire on his reference to the hospital. The questionnaire had 38 questions, the first 8 of which were about the demographic status and the illness itself and the rest of them concerned priniciples of foot care. Following this, these diabetic patients participated in public classes in the center, and a month later they filled the questionnaire again. Finally their knowledge before and ofter the education period was compared using statistical analyses.

 Results: The level of knowledge of 73.33% of the subjects before education was medium whereas following the education this rose to 86.67%. Comparing the level of knowledge of patients before and after education using t-test indicated that the level of knowledge after education is significantly higher than before (p<0.001).

 Conclusion: with regard to the significant difference in knowledge of diabetic patients before and after education, it can be concluded that educational classes of diabetic center can improve the knowledge of patients about foot care. So they are strongly recommended to be held for all these patients.

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  Background & Objectives: The hearing organ has a special role in establishing communication among people and their education. Hearing loss causes disorders in communication between human and environment. In growing ages, hearing loss may lead to general educational failure . T his study was conducted in order to determine the relationship between hearing loss and educational failurs.

  Methods: In this case control study 110 failed students in 5^th grade elementary school (case) and 110 other ones (control) were selected by systematic random sampling. Both groups underwent the audiometric tests. The Data were analyzed by EPI 2000 software.

  Results: The results of this study showed that 9.1% of cases and 0.9% of controls needed sonic energy more than 30db in left ear to hear. The difference was significant (P<0.05) whereas there was no significant relationship between hearing loss and educational failure in rigth and left ear in both groups when the sonic energy used is more than 20db.

  Conclusion: The failed students are strongly recommended to be annually examined and evaluted by a specialist and if necessary be treated.

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 Background & Objectives: With due attention to the modern technology developments in medical sciences, human resource training and optimization looks necessary. Although its importance and necessity has been regarded by many investigatores and scientists and they have emphasized its accurate and comprehensive execution, unfortunately, the training of nurses has encountered some problems, the solution of which demands great attempts. This study has been done to determine the state of Continuous medical Education (CME) from the view of the nursing personnel working in the hospitals under Ardabil university of medical sciences in 2002.

 Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 386 nursing personnel working in hospital under Ardabil university of medical sciences. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software.

 Results: 79% of the sample was female and 81.9% were nurses. 35.6% of them had not participated in CME courses. 28.6% of them had information about CME law. 25% found the lectures less practical and 56.5% of them appraised moderate the subjects presented. 60% of them believed in the positive influence of conferences in hospitals on their better functioning. 59.8 % said that their educational needs is not evaluated before the conference is held. 75.4% stated that new books in nursing are not available in the hospitals. 49.7% have appraised educational programs in the hospitals as moderate. 43.8% stated that the operation of modern medical equipment is not trained completely and only 4.6% said that specialists have scientific discussion with nurses. Overal, 55.2% of the nurses evaluated education by specialists as moderate.

 Conclusion: 50.8% of nurses assigned a moderate value to CME. It seems necessary to reconsider the subjects and the execution procedures and perform needs analysis prior to this education.

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  Background & Objectives: University is the center in all fields of scientific developments which heightens the knowledge in the society. Investigating the effective factors on the quality of research and education in the faculty of medicin from the students planning to increase the quality and quantity of research and education status.

  Methods: This was a descriptive-analytic study which was done during the period April 2005 –April 2006 in two faculties of medicine in the state and Azad University of Ardabil. The samples included all the medical students, faculty members and employees of faculties of Medicine at Ardabil University. Data were collected through a questionare. In total, 308 status, 44 faculty members filled out the queitionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 11. Education and Research, educational Status, educational facilities and educational spaces of both faculties were compared and with the desirable standard of 80%.

 Results: There was a significant difference in is education and research in both faculties from thr instructors point of view. However, in students, view this defference was not significant. In comparing the research status in both faculties with the desirable standard of 80%, the faculty of Medicine in Ardabil state University of Medical Sciences showed a significant difference whith this difference in Azad University was not significant. In comparing the educational Apace. The faculties with the desirable standard of 80%, there was a significant differency in Azad University where as it was not significant in state University.

 Conclusion: In terms of Education the faculty of medicine in state Universy was more desirable and in terms of research. Azad University was more desirable.

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  Background & Objective: Diabetes is one of diseases in which the main part of treatment depends on the patient's responsibility. Therefore their knowledge of the various aspects of nutrition has great importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diabetic diet education on nutritional behaviors. FBS and BMI of patients with type II Diabetes mellitus in Iranian Diabetic Association.

  Methods: 88 type II diabetic patients from Iranian Diabets Association (Karaj Branch) participated in this study. The Patients were randomly divided into two groups as experimental (44) and control group (44). Data were collected with a valid and reliable questionnaire (58questions) and checklist in two stage of before and one month after intervention.

  Results: After the intervention in the experimental group regarding diabetes and nutritional behaviors, there was a significant increase in mean score of knowledge (from 57.50 to 80.18) and a significant decrease in the mean of BMI (from 28.3 to 27.9) and in the mean of fasting blood sugar (from 167.9 to 134.5) (p<0.001). However, there was no significant change in the control group.

  Conclusion: The finding of this study indicated the efficacy of education on FBS and BMI in patients with type II diabetes.

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 Background and objectives: Every organization which is a provider of service or a product is always responsible for seeking clients^, comments as feedbacks so to identify the shortcomings and on the basis of their comments, plans can go through the growth and improvement. The present study, from the view of client tendency, is aimed at measuring the rate of Ardabil University of Medical sciences students’ satisfaction with the practices of faculties, educational management, student-cultural management and the counseling unit.

 Methods: In this descriptive study, 705 students from all faculties were questioned. The main instrument for data collection was a questionnaire in which, in order to assure the adequacy of the concept in, measurement, content validity was used and it was applied according to the comments of some instructors. To confirm the reliability of the questionnaire, 10 subjects were chosen and the questionnaires were distributed and then collected. After 15 days of interval from the first administration, the readministration on the same group was done and the reliability of the test became 0.86 using Alpha cronbach. The data in the first stage were investigated through descriptive statistical methods SPSS 13 and in the next stage in order to determine the difference between group comments, the independent T-Test and ANOVA were used.

 Results: None of the units of the university got scores above average and the two units of education in the faculties and education management got an average score from student satisfaction and the mean of other units was below average. Native students of the university were more satisfied with the faculties and educational management whereas the mean of nonnative students^, satisfaction was higher in student-cultural management and the counseling center.

 Conclusion: Student dissatisfaction with the func? of student-cultural management and the counseling unit is a shortcoming which requires the people in charge to take necessary measures to improve the quality of affairs.

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 Background & Objectives: Effects of new educational programs on health and physical fitness promotion is an important issue which needs regular evaluations. Physical fitness has many advantages such as cardio-respiratory health promotion, prevention of some diseases and improvement of quality of life. On the other hand, it has been shown that there is significant relationship between waterpipe smoking and cancer, cardiovascular as well as pulmonary diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between addiction to waterpipe smoking and cardio-respiratory fitness and body composition of physical education students in Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch.

 Methods: One hundred and eighty-one physical education students participated in this study. All subjects were selected by cluster sampling method. Cardio-Respiratory fitness (using Cooper test), Body Mass Index (BMI), Fat percent (using 2-point Lohman equation), addiction to waterpipe smoking, smoke exposure and awareness of waterpipe effects on athletic performance (using questionnaire) were evaluated.

 Results: The body composition of the most students was not suitable (50.3% extra fat), but the cardio-respiratory fitness of male students was better than that of female students.

 Furthermore, In spite of decrease in waterpipe smoking in comparison to last year (13.3% versus 35.6%), many non-smoking students are exposed to waterpipe smoke (21.0%) and some of them (48.1%) had little information about the harmful effects of waterpipe smoking on athletic performance.

 Conclusion: According to results of this study improvement in cardio-respiratory fitness and body composition of physical education students and enhancement of their information about side-effects of waterpipe smoking should be emphasized

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  Background and Objectives: Patient education has an important role in controlling the diabetes. Tele-education is impressive due to the elimination of­­ both space and time limitation and establishing an effective relationship with client care. This study was carried out to determine the impact of tele-education by telephone and short message service on laboratory parameters in patient with type 2 diabetes.

  Methods: This experimental study carried out on patients with type 2 diabetes members of Urmia Diabetes Association . A total of 66 samples selected and allocated randomly in two intervention and control groups. Data gathered with demographic questionnaire and lab work. For intervention group education and telephone follow up had given for 12 weeks. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical testes.

    Results: Finding of the study showed decrease in fasting blood sugar (-29.82), glycosylated hemoglobin (-0.54), cholesterol (-13.88), triglyceride (33.88) and insulin level (-4.59) in intervention group after performance of education and telephone follow up.

  Conclusion: Telephone follow up and tele-education have a beneficial effect on controlling the laboratory parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes .

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  Background & objectives: Substance abuse is one of the worst humanitarian issues in recent years which undermines the base and foundations of human society. Its prevention requires the application of multiple theories in various disciplines together with diverse methods and techniques. Several studies have been emphasized on the role of personal and familial variables as risk factors for substance use . However, this study was done in order to predict drug addiction attitude in adolescents according to the family training risk factors to prevent substance abuse and to design a model for the prevention of addiction .

  Methods: This study is a descriptive and survey research performed on a sample of 373 male and female students selected randomly among the five high school students in Ghaemshahr city. Then a questionnaire including parenting styles, attitude to addiction and social problem solving skill as well as a socioeconomic questionnaire distributed among the students. For data analysis, the statistical method of descriptive statistics and path analysis has been used.

  Results: Results of this study have shown that the component of parenting styles has a direct and positive impact on attitudes to drug addiction. In addition, there was a direct and positive non-significant relationship between the adaptive social problem solving skills and attitude to drug addiction and also direct and negative significant relationship between the non-adaptive social problem solving skills on this attitudes. A direct and negative significant relationship was also seen between parenting styles and attitude to drug addiction.

  Conclusions: Based on the results of present study, the components of parenting styles have a direct and negative impact on attitudes to drug addiction. Also there is a direct and significant relationship between the components of non-adaptive social problem solving skills and the variable of social attitude in adolescents . But the component of adaptive social problem solving skill has a direct and non-significant impact.

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Background & objectives: Most of coronary angiography patients have not enough information about undergoing procedure . This lack of knowledge makes anxiety in patients and thereby changes their vital signs. There is no study regarding the effective education of patients based on their native language. This study was done to investigate the effect of video education in native language on vital signs caused by anxiety of patients undergoing coronary angiography.

Methods: This quasi experimental study was done in 2013 on 160 patients undergoing angiography in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ardabil. Participants were divided into two groups randomly (80 in each group): case (native video education) and control groups. The sheets of hemodynamic variables were completed in determined time intervals for data collection. ANOVA with repeated measures and Chi square were used to analyze the data in SPSS13 software. P-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: The results of repeated measures ANOVA showed significant improvement in vital sign variables except for temperature in both groups over the time (p<0.05). And there was significant difference in the mean vital sign variables in determined time intervals (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Video education in native language decreases the vital signs in coronary angiography patients. Therefore the video education especially in native language is recommended for improving vital signs before invasive procedures.

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Background & objectives: Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world and Iran. Despite appropriate treatment, recent researches indicate that asthmatic patients have poor asthma control. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between educational level of asthmatic patients and asthma control indices.
Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed on 80 asthmatic patients admitted to Shahid Labbafinejad hospital. ESMAA questionnaire was used to collect data to assess the level of asthma control, according to ACT (Asthma Control Test) and 2016 GINA (the Global Initiative for Asthma) guidelines. Patient medication compliance was evaluated based on Morisky medication adherence scale (MMAS). ANOVA test (Regression and Pearson correlation) and Chi-Square test were used for analysis of quantitative and qualitative variables, respectively. The P - value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Eighty asthmatic patients with an average age of 54.65 were entered to this study that of them 32 patients were at primary school level, 26 patients at high school level and 22 patients at university state. According to ACT test, 52.5% and 47.5% of patients were in control and uncontrolled state, respectively.
According to GINA classification, 30% of patients were in control, 45% in partially control and 25% in uncontrolled state. According to MMSA scale, 20% of patients were high adherent to medicine, 40% were moderate adherent and 40% were low adherent. In this study, there was no significant correlation between the asthma control in terms of ACT and patients' educational level. Also, there was no significant relationship between sex, asthma control and medication adherence. In addition, there was no significant relationship between educational level and drug adherence.
Conclusion: The results suggest that there was no relationship between asthma control indices and patient's educational level. Perhaps other factors, other than education, affect the asthma control indices and medication adherence which requires more studies.

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Background & objectives: Gestational diabetes is one of the most common medical problems during pregnancy, which has many negative consequences for mother and fetus. Knowledge of women about gestational diabetes and educational planning based on needs assessment can be effective for early diagnosis and reduction of possible complications of gestational diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the educational needs of diabetic pregnant mothers in Meshgin health centers in 2018.
Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted by- census on 689 pregnant women referring to Meshgin health centers in the spring and summer of 2018. Data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire of Hashemi-Beni and colleagues (2015) including three parts: demographic information, knowledge and educational needs assessment for mothers with gestational diabetes. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software.
Results: The mean age of pregnant women participating in the study was 26.94±6.22 years, with an average gestational age of 24.36±9.18 weeks. 22 persons of 689 pregnant women were diagnosed with gestational diabetes, and the prevalence of gestational diabetes was 3.2%. The mean score of knowledge of diabetic pregnant mothers about gestational diabetes questions was 9.95±3.79 out of 13. In all items of gestational diabetes, at least one third of diabetic mothers reported need for education.
Conclusions: Diabetic pregnant mothers, despite of high knowledge about gestational diabetes, still need to be trained in this regard. Therefore, it is necessary to hold leveled training courses to complete the information of mothers for better care of themselves

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Background & objectives: To deal with the more and sudden prevalence of   covid-19, dentists should be aware of recent developments, especially the guidelines for the prevention of covid-19. This study aimed to assess of compliance with guidelines about the prevention of covid-19 in the dental setting in Ardabil city in 2022.
Methods: This cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study was conducted in the period from May to August 2022. In this study, 254 general and specialist dentists were examined using full-census sampling. The tool for collecting information was a researcher-made questionnaire that was valid and reliable based on the country's guidelines, which included 6 demographic and 41 questions related to compliance with the instructions related to the prevention of covid-19. After collecting the data, they were classified and analyzed using the chi-square and Fisher's exact test. SPSS software version 26 was used for data analysis. The acceptable error level was considered 0.05.
Results: The survey results showed that the rate of compliance with guidelines about the prevention of covid-19 in the index of patient management before treatment was estimated at 45%, in the index of required equipment and personal protection requirements were 72.42%, and in the index of required therapeutic action during the pandemic was 42.81%. There was a significant difference in compliance with the guidelines related to the prevention of covid-19 based on education and work history (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in compliance with the guidelines related to the prevention of    covid-19 based on gender, age, marital status, and history of corona infection.
Conclusion: The level of compliance with the guidelines related to the prevention of  covid-19 in the dental centers of Ardabil city was at an average level and was influenced by factors such as the dentist's education and work history.