Background & Objectives: Non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (nsSNPs) which results in disruption of protein function are used as markers in linkage and association of human proteins that might be involved in diseases and cancers .

  Methods: To study the functional effect of nsSNP in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2 ) amino acids, the nucleotide sequences encoding COX-2 gene in cancers were extracted from the NCBI (gi|223941909) data bank (283 cases) and analyzed by SIFT, I-Mutant 2.0, SNP and GO, PANTHER and FASTSNP servers. These servers involve programs that predict the effects of amino acid substitution on protein function, stability and missense .

  Results: COX-2 is an essential enzyme for the production of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins which are relevant to cancer development and progression. The substitutions in some positions such as R228H and S428A of COX-2 in most of cancers linked to reformed protein function through disruption in enzyme active site.

  Conclusion: Amino acid substitutions as a consequence of COX-2 nsSNPs have important role in human disease. Substitutions which are located in catalytic domain are important for the enzymatic function of COX-2 and associated with higher expression of COX-2.

  Background & Objectives: Obesity is an important risk factor for many diseases and hormonal and metabolic factors have a great impact on its development. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between leptin and growth hormones with anthropometric indices and blood glucose in healthy men.

  Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study on 30 healthy adult men aged 18-49 years in Tonekabone city during 2011-2012. Samples were randomly selected and information on anthropometric parameters (waist circumference, body mass index and waist/hip ratio), fasting blood sugar, serum levels of leptin and growth hormones were recorded and blood sampling was performed After 12 hours of fasting (at 8 am). Data were analyzed using software SPSS 15 by non- parametric Mann – Whitney and Spearman test s and multiple regression analysis.

  Results: Serum leptin levels were negatively correlated with serum level of growth hormone ( P<0.05) and positively related to body mass index ( P<0.01) , waist circumference ( P<0.01) and the body weight ( P<0.05). Inverse relationship between serum growth hormone levels with age and fasting blood glucose were observed (P<0.05). Serum levels of leptin were significantly higher in overweight and obese than normal weight subjects (P<0.01) and mean leptin levels in subjects with central obesity ( waist circumference≥94cm) were significantly higher than men without central obesity (waist circumference<94cm) (P<0.01).

  Conclusion: This study showed that growth hormone level was negatively correlated with serum level of leptin. Low serum growth hormone and high serum leptin levels were associated with obesity and upper body fat distribution. Obesity and abdominal obesity are also associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome

  Background & Objectives: Cervical cancer is the third common cancer among women in United States and in developing countries cervical cancer is supposed as the first or second common cancer of female reproductive system. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between cervical cancer and its risk factors in Iranian women.

  Methods: This is an observational, retrospective study. A total of 128 patients with confirmed diagnosis of cervical cancer were compared with the control group of 128 healthy women. The risk factors such as age, age of the first pregnancy, abortion, termination of pregnancy, number of pregnancy and the socioeconomic status were compared and analyzed by Student's t-distribution test, Fisher’s and Pearson’s statistical methods.

  Results: The following odds ratio can be concluded from the study: Marital status 2.71, having multiple sexual partners 3.33, marriage under the age of 16 1.61, use of oral contraceptives 3.072 and using cauterization and cryotherapy were 0.6.

  Conclusion: This study showed that marital status, having multiple sexual partners, low marital age and history of using oral contraceptive consumption increase the possibility of cervical cancer.

  Background &Objectives: Antiemetic drugs can be used in complicated cases of vomiting secondary to gastroenteritis. There is no previous study dealing with the use of pyridoxine in treatment of vomiting in pediatrics. This Studyintendsto review the effects of intravenous pyridoxine on control of gastroenteritis related vomiting.

  Methods: This study is a single blind randomized clinical trial with placebo. A total number of 147 children diagnosed with gastroenteritis induced vomiting and admitted in Amirkabir hospital from August to December 2011 were studied and divided to two case andcontrol groups. In the control group intravenous fluid with distilled water (placebo) was used and the pyridoxine was given along with intravenous fluid therapy in case group. Since admission for three days, numbers of vomiting and other symptoms were collected in data form. Results were analyzed using SPSS-16 by means of descriptive analysis for basic information.

  Results: Most children were male, aged between 6 months and 2 years and having urban life. There was no significant difference between two groups in the mean of vomiting frequency during the period of hospitalization ( p>0.05 ). T here was also no significant difference between two groups in duration of hospitalization ( p=0.19).

  Conclusion: Based on this study pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) was not effective in treatment of vomiting due to gastroenteritis in children, and did not reduce the duration of hospitalization.

  Thyroid hormones play an important role in the growth and function of the kidneys. Hypothyroidism has known role in kidney filtration system disorders. We reported hypothyriod patients with nephrotic syndrome recruited by hypothyroidism treatment. Although hypothyroidism coincidence with nephrotic syndrome has been recognized but often is missed in regard with nephrotic syndrome.

  Background & Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia together with biochemical alterations of lipid profile, insulin resistance and inflammation . Considering the high prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia and inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of inulin on lipid profile, inflammation and blood pressure in women with type 2 diabetes.

  Methods: In this controlled, randomized clinical trial, 49 women with type 2 diabetes (fiber intake<30 g/d, BMI=25-35 kg/m²) were assigned to one of two groups. Experimental group (n=24) received 10 g/d inulin and control group (n=25) received 10 g/d maltodextrin for 8 weeks. Dietary intakes, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, serum lipids and hs-CRP concentrations were measured at the baseline and at the end of the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (verision11.5). Paired, independent t-tests and ANCOVA were used to compare quantitative variables.

  Results: At the end of study, there was a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (from 135.7 ± 16.2 to 125.9 ± 7.9 mmHg), total cholesterol ( from 192.5 ± 42.8 to 171.0 ± 39.7 mg/dl), triglyceride ( from 223.3 ± 84.2 to 169.9 ± 65.6 mg/dl) and hs-CRP ( from 7.9 ± 3.0 to 5.3 ± 3.0 mg/l) in inulin group compared with the maltodextrin group (p > 0.04 ). Changes in diastolic blood pressures, LDL-c and HDL-c were not significant in inulin group compared with the maltodextrin group. A significant decrease in systolic, diastolic blood pressures, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-c, hs-CRP and significant increase in HDL-c were observed in inulin group compared to baseline.

  Conclusions: Inulin supplementation may improve lipid profile, hs-CRP and blood pressure in women with type 2 diabetes.

  Background & objectives: More than 95% of bile ducts diseases are pertain to either gallbladder stone or cholecystitis. Normally, there is not amylase in gallbladder and its presence indicates reflux from the pancreas. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between presence of gallstones and amylase level in gallbladder.

  Methods: In this cross-sectional study 100 patients with cholecystitis were selected and after removal of the gallbladder under sterilized conditions, about 1-5 ml of fluid has been aspirated from bladder. The amylase level of samples was measured in the laboratory and collected data analyzed using statistical tests such as t-test and ANOVA by SPSS 18 software.

  Results : A total of 100 patients with cholecystitis, 42% had measurable amylase in gallbladder (25-65 IU/L). The patients were in the range of 22-92 years old and 47% of them was in the age group of 40-60 years old. The mean age of patients was 48.2 years old (SD=12). There was a significant linear correlation between the gallbladder amylase level and the age of patients (r=0.76, p=0.001).

  Conclusion: Results of our study showed a significant relationship between the formation of gallestones and pancreatic amylase reflux to gallbladder. So, in patients with gallestones, the possible existence of pancreatitis and specially the probability of the pancreas and bile duct obstruction or narrowing should be checked .

  Background & Objectives: It is estimated that one third of the world’s population is infected by M. tuberculosis. Because of differences in immune system activity against the invasive microorganisms, the disease is developed only among 10% of them. Vitamin D metabolism and its receptor activity are important factors in human native immune system against tuberculosis. In the present study we investigated ApaI polymorphism of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene and association with susceptibility to tuberculosis.

  Method: This study was performed on 84 cases with tuberclosis (male =50, female =34) and 90 controls (male =49, female = 41). DNA was extracted from cases and controls leucocytes and elected sequences amplified in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure by using specific primers. ApaI polymorphism of VDR gene evaluated by RFLP technique on PCR products. Finally statistical analysis performed using Chi- square to compare genotype frequencies between cases and controls.

  Results: In case and control groups, AA genotype frequency were 34.5% and 33.3% respectively (OR₌0.905, 95% CI 0.469-1.747, p ₌ 0.766) and a genotype frequency in patients and control group were 15.47% and 13.3% respectively (OR₌0.808, 95% CI 0.333 –1.961, p₌0.637).

  Conclusion: In the present study we could not find any significant relationship between genotype frequency of ApaI (A/a) polymorphism in VDR gene and susceptibility to tuberculosis.

  Introduction and objective: Dicrocoelium dendriticum is a worldwide spread parasite of liver, bile ducts and gallbladder of especially ruminants and humans as well. Identification of specific antigens is useful for early diagnosis of the infection. The goal of this study was the isolation and identification of excretory-secretory and somatic antigens from D. dendriticum by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-PAGE and evaluation of humoral immune response against these antigens.

  Methods: The parasites were collected and washed by phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and supplemented by antibiotic for several times. For preparing somatic antigens, parasites were sonicated and centrifuged prior to collect supernatant. For preparing excretory-secretory antigens the viable parasites were transferred to the sterile medium. The samples were centrifuged and supernatants were collected. The sera of infected sheep with different infection degrees were collected too. Somatic and excretory-secretory proteins were isolated with SDS PAGE and stained with coomassie blue. Immunogenicity properties of the resulting proteins were determined using western blot analysis.

  Results: The total extract of somatic antigens analyzed by SDS-PAGE revealed 21 proteins. In mild infection, bands of 130 KDa were immune dominant. In moderate infections 48, 80 and 130 KDa and in heavy infections 48, 60, 80, 130 KDa were detected as immune dominant bands. In excretory- secretory antigens seven bands of protein were detected. In mild infection 130 KDa, in moderate infection 100, 120 and 130 KDa and in heavy infection 45, 80, 85, 100, 120 and 130 KDa were immune dominant bands.

  Conclusion: Probably the most immunogenic protein band during different degrees of infection was 130KDa that can be used for vaccination and inducing immunity.

  Background and Aim: Birth in the 21^st century is characterized by interventions. That interventions increase the risk for mother and baby without improving outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of physiological birth and routine normal delivery on some of maternal and fetus outcomes.

  Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 160 pregnant women. The participants were allocated in two groups of physiological birth (n=80) and routine normal delivery (n=80). Inclusion criteria were as following: Apgar score between one and five dilatation between three and four cm maternal age between 18-35 years gestational age between 37-40 weeks cephalic presentation and neonatal birth weight of 2500-4000 gr. Physiological birth care included labor begins on its own, freedom of movement throughout labor, continuous labor support, spontaneous pushing, no separation of mother and baby. Routine birth cares include routine interventions in labor or birth. Rate of cesarean, Apgar score and neonatal intensive care unit were evaluated in both groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16. The t-test, chi-square and Mann Whitney were the statistical tests of choice.

  Results: Rate of cesarean was significantly different between two groups (p=0.005). First minute Neonatal Apgar score was significantly different (p=0.011), but fifth minute Apgar was similar in both groups (p=0.470). The transmission to neonatal intensive care unit had also significant difference among two groups (p=0.029).

  Conclusion: The present study showed that the physiological birth is safe. It seems that the physiological birth decreases the rate of cesarean and transmission to neonatal intensive care unit, also improves the first minute neonatal Apgar scores.

  Introduction : Cardiac events due to coronary artery disease (CAD) are the most common cause of death in all over the world. Myocardial ischemia and its consequent heart failure are considered as common problems and complications of CAD. The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-ischemic effects of fibrates in patients with CAD.

  Methods : This clinical-trial study was conducted on patients with dyslipidemia and CAD referred to the Baqiyatallah university hospital, Tehran, during 2008-2010. A total of 124 patients randomly divided into two groups: the first group (64 patients) received simvastatin (20-60 mg/day)+fenofibrate (200 mg/day) with lipid-limited diet and exercise and the second group (60 patients) received simvastatin (20-60 mg/day) with diet and exercise for one year and the patients were evaluated at the end of this period.

  Results : The mean age was 54.3±6.5 years and 53.2% of patients were male. Metabolic equation index was changed from 4.32±0.5 to 5.68±0.5 at the first group (P<0.001) and 4.43±0.9 to 4.41±1.1 at the other one (P=0.121) and also time of exercise was changed from 5.21±1.81 to 6.01±1.8 (P<0.001) and 5.43±1.26±5.23±1.2 (P=0.089) respectively. No serious adverse effects were seen.

  Conclusion : Lipid-lowering therapy with simvastatin and fenofibrate reduces myocardial ischemia. Therefore it’s recommended to add fenofibrate to statinsin the treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with high risk of cardiovascular accidents as complementary treatment.

  Background & Objectives: Regarding to high incidence of dysmenorrhea and influence on daily activities and fewer side effects of herbal medicines than chemical drugs, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of mefenamic acid and matricaria chamomilla (MC) on primary dysmenorrhea.

  Methods: This triple-blind randomized clinical trial study was done on 90 female students residents in dormitories of Kashan University of Medical Sciences in 2012. The subjects were categorized into two groups randomly. Mefenamic acid capsules (250 mg, every 8 hours) were given to the first group from 48 hours before menstruation until 24 hours after it. The second group received MC capsules made in Barij Essence Factory of Kashan (250 mg, every 8 hours). Severity of dysmenorrhea was measured by McGill ruler. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS. The chi-squire, fisher and paired t-test were used. The p-value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant difference.

  Results: The result of this study indicated that both chamomilla and mefenamic acid can reduce the severity of pain and hemorrhage (p<0.05) but there was no significant difference between two groups (p>0.05).

  Conclusion: This study showed that matricaria chamomilla is effective in decreasing the severity of primary dysmenorrhea and reducing hemorrhage as well as mefenamic acid.

  Background: Obese patients are at high risk of numerous chronic diseases including diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, dyslipidemia and stroke. Recently researchers focused on complementary medicine along with routine treatments to reduce obesity complications. Therefore we aimed to investigate the effects of omega 3 fatty acids supplementation on serum lipid profiles, C-peptide and fasting blood glucose in obese individuals.

  Methods: In this randomized clinical trial 56 obese volunteers with the mean age of 33.94±8.15 years were assigned into the supplemented (n=30) and placebo (n=26) groups, given two omega 3 fatty acids soft gel (360 mg EPA and 240 DHA) or placebo respectively for 4 weeks. At the onset and the end of the intervention, blood samples were collected after overnight fasting and serum lipid profiles, C-peptide and fasting blood glucose were measured. Data were analyzed with SPSS program and p-value less than 0.05 considered as significant.

  Results: In comparison with placebo group, omega 3 supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in the mean triglyceride (108.37±11.22 mg/dl vs 148.84±59.40 mg/dl). After 4 weeks, the mean C-peptide concentrations increased in both groups but elevation in omega 3 group was more dramatic (p<0.01). However, we didn’t find any significant changes in the mean total cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C levels.

  Conclusion: Our finding indicated that 4 weeks Omega 3 supplementation leads to amelioration in some of serum lipid profiles indices and insulin secretion in

  obese individuals. Although, further studies are needed to achieve precise results.

  Objective: Spinal cord injury (SCI) has become an especially challenging target in experimental neuroscience. Approach into the spinal cord is the interface among all different types of spinal cord injury modeling. The lower thoracic spinal cord has generated special interest due to the lower limbs’ spinal pattern generator position and presence of relative scales for behavioral assessment. However, a clear method with which to approach the thoracic spinal cord has yet to be determined.

  Methods : A total of 20 animals were subjected to this study. Following induction of anesthesia, the 10th thoracic vertebra were positioned, and muscles were retracted. Using the high speed rotary, the vertebral lamina were carefully thinned. As a final point, the reduced lamina was meticulously removed away to expose underlying spinal cord. Loco motor behavioral test (BBB) was implemented before and after surgery procedure.

  Results: This manuscript has presented the stepwise method to expose rat thoracic spinal cord. Whole procedure took less than an hour. Animals acquired complete BBB loco motor rating score before and after surgery indicating the safety of procedure.

  Conclusion: This article introduces simple and practical approach for the rat lower thoracic spine. The anatomical orientation, anesthesia , postoperative management , and common problems are discussed .

  Background & objectives : CXCL5, also known as epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide (ENA-78), is a chemokine that has a role in some diseases. CXCL5 blocks insulin signaling by activating the Jak2/STAT5/SOCS2 pathway. It is reported the association between -156G>C (rs352046) polymorphism in the promoter region and diabetes. The aim of this study was to examine whether there is an association between this polymorphism and diabetes mellitus in Ardabil province population.

  Methods : A total of 100 patients affected diabetes were recruited from Ardabil province population 100 healthy control subjects also were recruited from the same area. The region containing the CXCL5 - 156G>C polymorphism was genotyped by PCR amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and allele frequency data were analyzed using Fisher test.

  Results : The results show a higher frequency of carrying both the G/G and G/C genotype in patients with diabetes compared with healthy controls (p-value=0.01 and 0.006, respectively). In addition, the frequency of allele C was significantly increased (p-value = 0.028) in patients with diabetes (25.5%) compared with controls (12%).

  Conclusions : Our findings suggest a role of CXCL5 in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Also, replications in other populations with larger sample sizes are required to confirm these findings.

  Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a rare disease characterized by focal or diffuse eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal system. The clinical presentation is depending on the involved area and its extension into the layers of the gastrointestinal tract. We repor ted a case of eosinophilic gastroenteritis in the setting of cryptogenic cirrhosis which initially appeared as a tumoral obstruction of the 3^rd portion of duodenum which is relieved by surgical bypass and two years later presented as eosinophilic ascitis. The patient was treated with corticosteroid with full absorption of ascitis.

  Background and Objectives: Patient education has an important role in controlling the diabetes. Tele-education is impressive due to the elimination of­­ both space and time limitation and establishing an effective relationship with client care. This study was carried out to determine the impact of tele-education by telephone and short message service on laboratory parameters in patient with type 2 diabetes.

  Methods: This experimental study carried out on patients with type 2 diabetes members of Urmia Diabetes Association . A total of 66 samples selected and allocated randomly in two intervention and control groups. Data gathered with demographic questionnaire and lab work. For intervention group education and telephone follow up had given for 12 weeks. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical testes.

    Results: Finding of the study showed decrease in fasting blood sugar (-29.82), glycosylated hemoglobin (-0.54), cholesterol (-13.88), triglyceride (33.88) and insulin level (-4.59) in intervention group after performance of education and telephone follow up.

  Conclusion: Telephone follow up and tele-education have a beneficial effect on controlling the laboratory parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes .

  Background & Objectives : Nowadays, coronary artery disease is the most common cause of death in developed countries and in the whole world. According to the WHO reports, it will be the main cause of death in 2020. Myocardial infarction is the most common diagnosis among hospitalized patients in industrialized countries. This disease causes more mortality and morbidity than others. Coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABGS) is one of the common treatments for ischemic heart disease but it may have some complications. In this study we wanted to evaluate the incidence of CABGS complications in Imam Khomeini Hospital of Ardabil in the first month after CABG.

  Methods: This study was a cross sectional analytic descriptive type and performed on all of the patients underwent CABGS in Imam Khomeini Hospital during 2011-2012. All of the data from patients (like demographic, past medical history, physical exam findings, paraclinical findings and CABGS complications) were inserted in special forms after gathering, and analyzed by SPSS v.16.

  Results: In this study, 211 patients were studied. About 145 (68.72%) of them were male and 66 (31.28%) were female. Seventy patient (33.17%) were more than 70 years old. About 33.22% of patients had a history of cigarette smoking and 9.95% were opioid abused. The 34.12% of patients had hypertension (HTN) history, 40.28% diabetes mellitus (DM), 17.06% history of hyperlipidemia and 63.98% had a history of the previous MI. Chest pain was the most common complication among the patients (93.36%). According to our study the prevalence rate of post CABGS complications were: bleeding after surgery 13.27%, postoperative myocardial infection 8.05%, neurological disorders 12.32%, renal complications 2.36%, respiratory symptoms 11.37% and 34.59% for cardiovascular complications. Also the total mortality was 5 (2.36%) persons. The data analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between sex with survival status, local infection and neurological disorders, and also there was a significant relationship between age with post CABGS survival, bleeding after surgery and renal complications. There was also a significant relationship between DM and post CABGS survival, local infections and respiratory complications and between HTN and local infections.

  Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the most common post CABGS complications were cardiovascular complications, especially arrhythmias.