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Showing 38 results for Test
Mohammadbagher Saberi Zafarghandi , Raheb Ghorbani , Hamidreza Hafezi , Mehran Mahdavi ,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (4-2003)
Abstract
Background & Objective: Self Confidence, is a continuous evaluation of an individual on himself. Hence it is important regarding the mental health and the personality balance. Due to the problems that low self-confidence brings about especially during the youth age and regarding the prevalence of this problem among adolescents, the present research was conducted in order to investigate the level of self-confidence among students. Methods: Self-confidence of 500 students was determined using Eysenck test. Multistage sampling was employed to select 7 out of 15 boys high schools randomly In each grade of study the required numbers were chosen randomly proportionate to the number of students in that grade. Scores more than 21 showed high self-confidence, 14-21 average and less than 14 indicated low confidence. To analyze the data, Chi- square and Mantel- Hanzel tests were used, with 95% significance. Results: 29.6% of students have had high self-confidence, 57.8% of them had average self-confidence while 12.6% of them had lower level of self-confidence. No significant relationship was seem among the rank of birth and the literacy of parents with the level of self-confidence. However there was a significant relationship between the number of siblings (P=0.0135) and study grade (P=0.0018) with the level of self-confidence. As a result, 11.5% of the students in the first grade, 6.6% in the second grade and 20.5% in the third grade had low self-confidence. Conclusion: The prevalence oflow self-confidence among third grade high school students, warns that they should be paid much attention by their parents and their school officials.
Firooz Amani , Bahram Sohrabi , Saeid Sadeghieh , Mehrnaz Mashoufi ,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (4-2004)
Abstract
Background & Objective :Depression is one of the most common disorders which can affect every individual. However some individuals (including the students of medical sciences) who are involved in health issues are more vulnerable in this regard. The early diagnosis of this disorder among the students can lead to primary prevention and avoid any further progression and deteriration. This in turn can result in mental health among these students as well as the society. The present study set out to investigate the rate of depression among the students of Ardabil university of medical sciences. Methods : This research is an analytic-descriptive study conducted on 324 students from Ardabil University of Medical Scinces. A questionnaire including two sections was used to collect the data. The first section was about the demographic information and the second section included questions about depression based on Beck depression test. The data were analyzed by SPSS soft waire using descriptive and analytical statistics. Results : The results showed that 57.4% of total subjects (186 students) suffered from various degrees of depression. 128 of these students were suffering from clinical depression. The prevalence of depression among midwifery students was 21.4 %. Chi- square test showed a significant relationship among prevalence of depression in these students with their educational semester , the number of their siblings, any kind of major physical disorder in the subject or, a serious psychological problem among their family members , as well as any significant event during the previous year. Conclusions : According to obtained results there was a high degree of depression among medical university students and serious measures should be taken in the future in order to prevent this social concern.
Gity Rahimi,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (9-2004)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is defined as carbohydrate intolerance of variable severity with onset or first recognition during the pregnancy. Diagnosis of this disorder can prevent complications in mother and her fetus during pregnancy. This study was an attempt to determine GDM prevalence in pregnant women referring to Ardabil health centers. Methods: In this cross-sectional study 601 pregnant women with 24-28 weeks of gestational age were screened by glucose challenge test (GCT) using 50 gr of oral glucose. GCT was considered positive if the serum level of glucose was larger than or equal to 140 mg/dl. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was done on GCT+ subjects with 100 gr oral glucose. The diagnostic criteria were these of National Diabetes Data Group. Also a questionnaire was used to record history, age, height, blood pressure, weight before pregnancy and other characteristics. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: From 601 pregnant women, 64 cases (10.6%) were GCT+. OGTT indicated that from these 64 cases, 8 cases had GDM (GCT +, OGTT+). GDM prevalence was estimated 1.3%. There was a statistically significant relationship between BMI, mean age and mean diastolic blood pressure on the one hand and GCT and GDM positivity on the other (p<0.05). There was a significant relationship between increasing of BMI and the prevalence of GDM positivity GCT (p<0.05), but the relation was not significant between increasing of systolic blood pressure and gravidity with prevalence of GDM and positive GCT. Conclusion: It seems that the prevalence of GDM in Ardabil is low and general screening is not necessary for all pregnant women. The prevalence of GDM showed an increase with the age of pregnant women, BMI and obesity.
Mehri Jafari Shobeiri , Simin Atash Khoii ,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (6-2005)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: It is estimated that as many as 75% of women experience at least one episode of vulvovaginal candidiasis during the lifetime and about 5% will have recurrent infections. There are clear association between vaginal candidiasis and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to determine whether non-diabetic women with recurrent vaginal candidiasis have an impaired glucose metabolism. Methods: This case-control study was carried out with 32 patients suffering from recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis as case group and 30 control patients who had negative history of vaginal candidiasis during the previous year and had referred to the clinics for reasons other than vaginal candidiasis. The case group had referrd to the gynecology clinics three times during the previous year and were recognized to have vaginal candidiasis. They were being treated by antifungal drugs and had at least one positive candida culture. Both groups underwent standardized oral glucose tolerance test with 75-gram dose of glucose. The data were analysed using Chi-square and t-test. Results: Women with recurrent vaginal candidiasis had a mean body mass index greater than the control subjects (23.4 versus 21.5, p=0.001). They had no more incidences of overt or preclinical diabetes mellitus than the control subjects, but a greater proportion of them had at least one glucose concentration above the 95th percentile (p=0.015). Glucose concentrations were significantly higher in recurrent vaginal candidiasis cases than in control subjecs at 30, 60 and 75 minutes after the intake of 75-gram dose of glucose (p<0.05). This amount of glucose led to a 15.8% increase in serum glucose level in case group compared to the control group. Conclusion: Glucose tolerance test was mildy impaired in women with recurrent vaginal candidiasis. The plasma glucose concentration increased in 2 hours after 75 g glucose intake. Although the obtained results were not in the range of occult diabetes, it can designate the important of glucose tolerance test in women with recurrent vaginal candidiasis.
Shahram Habibzadeh, Latif Gachcar, Mohammad Reza Masjedi, Ali Akbar Velayati ,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (6-2005)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Some special characteristics of mycobacterium tuberculosis such as long time incubation period in culture media needed for colony appearance, unavailability of serologic methods for diagnosis, along with necessity of starting treatment in the patients with severe conditions as well as isolation limitations requires the introduction of rapid and innovative diagnostic tests. On the other hand, some diagnostic tests such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) require special experimental conditions which are not easily available to clinicians. This study was designed to determine the diagnostic value of serum adenosine deaminasae in pulmonary tuberculosis and evaluate its efficacy in pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis. Methods:This cross-sectional study started in spring 2002. Continuous sampling was done and admitted patients were observed, examined and interviewed using a diagnotic test. All patients admitted with a suspected pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis based on physical examination, history and chest X-Ray results were followed up for six months to ensure that mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was appropriately diagnosed. Blood samples were taken for serum ADA and complementary diagnostic tests. Following certain necessary tests and work-ups patients with or without tuberculosis were identified. Results: 131 Patients were evaluated completely. 103 had tuberculosis and 28 patients had other diseases. No statistically significant difference was found between mean level of serum ADA in two groups. But a serum level of ADA greater than 51 U/L was associated with 90% positive predictive value and specificity in differentiating two groups. Conclusion: Serum ADA is not a suitable test for pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis.
Ahmad Daryani, Golam Hosein Ettehad,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (9-2005)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Intestinal infestation is among the most common infections in the world, being responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal infestation and related risk factors among students of primary schools in Ardabil. Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in 24 primary schools of Ardabil in 2003. A total of 1070 school children between 7-13 years of age (527(49.3%) boys and 543(50.7%) girls) took part in this study. Fecal specimens were collected by random sampling and were examined for ova, larva and cysts of intestinal parasites using direct wet mount and formalin-ether concentration methods. Results: A total of 1 0 species were identified, Giardia lamblia (14.2%), Blastocystis hominis (10.2%) and Entamoeba coli (4.1%) were the most common parasites, respectively, the over all prevalence rate for at least one parasite was 27.7%. There was no statistically significant difference in prevalence of parasites by sex, age, class grade and rate of infection (p>0.06). Conclusion: This study indicated that there is a high rate of intestinal infestation rate among primary school students. So health education about personal hygiene is necessary for the students and their parents, especially mothers.
Mohammad Hosein Dehghan, Ali Majidpour,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (9-2005)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Regarding the high prevalence of hyperlipidemia in the world especially in Iran, finding suitable and effective treatment seems justified. Metronidazole is the only drug that is used as an antiparasital and antiprotozoal agent. Researchers have found that oral dose of 750 mg/day has a suitable absorption, is widely distributed in the tissues and reaches to a blood level of 4-6 mg/ml. Despite its suitable efficiency, a few clinical trial have been conducted in this regard. This study was designed as such to examine the effect of metronidazole on lowering blood lipids. Methods: The present research was performed as a clinical trial without control, on 50 patients. All the patients filled out a special form (to show their satisfaction) as well as a questionnaire. Metronidazole was given with a daily dose of 750 mg for a week. 20 patients with no complaint continued their drug consumption for another seven days. Lipid parameters such as plasma total lipid, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were measured in both groups. The data were collected and analyzed with SPSS software using t-test. Results: Measuring the serum level of lipids indicated that the mean total plasma lipid and total cholesterol decreased significantly compared to their level before taking the drug (p<0.01). The findings also showed a similar decrease in plasma TG level (p<0.001). In the patients who continued the drug consumption in the second week, the serum level of lipids under study showed more decrease compared to their levels in the first week which was statistically significant (p<0.01). Liver tests indicated that the functioning of liver has not changed during drug consumption. Conclusion: Using 750 mg of metronidazole per day exerts a significant decrease in lipids fractions in a short time. Most cases of hyperlipidemia require a long-term treatment, hence metronidazole can be effectively used in the treatment of short-term hyperlipidemia.
Shahram Habibzadeh, Zahra Tazacori , Firooz Amani , Uoones Sheshgellani, Khadige Khodapanahi ,
Volume 5, Issue 4 (12-2005)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Since 1985 because of increasing incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in HIV background, the outbreaks of TB have been reported in different parts of the world. From 1985 to 1991 the incidence of TB increased by 18% in United States and Europe. In Multi Drug Resistant outbreaks of TB in United States 18 to 35% of heath care workers (HCW) who had exposure to TB patients had PPD Converted to positive test (Seroconversion). That is why the risk of TB incidence in health care workers has been put forward again. This study was designed to determine the rate of Buali hospital HCW exposure to mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods: All 96 HCW of Buali hospital took part in this cross-sectional and analytical study. No PPD test was performed for HCW in this hospital in the beginning of their employment. For this reason 30 officers who had not previously worked in hospital wards and 60 medical students who had not started their clinical course were selected to obtain an estimation of PPD test before starting professional nursing. Results: Out of 96 subjects, 72 were female and 24 were male. Rate of positive PPD was 50% in general. Data analysis showed that PPD positivity was in direct relationship with number of working years in hospital. In 60 university students whose mean age was 21.6± 0/2.9 PPD positivity rate was 13.3%. I the third group consisting of 30 office workers (mean age=333±6.5) it was 23.3%. Conclusion: This study shows that HCW with 50% of PPD positivity are in exceeding probability of mycobacterium tuberculosis exposure, which is almost twice as much as the other office workers, possibility of exposure.
Mohammadhosein Alimohammadian, Seyedhojjat Khalilollahi , Ali Khamesipour, Yahia Dowlati ,
Volume 6, Issue 3 (9-2006)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Leishmanin skin test (Montenegro test) is a best indicator for evaluation of delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and cell-mediated immunity in leishmaniasis. A standard antigen is needed for this test. In this research, several batches of leishmanin antigen were produced under standard conditions, and their immunogenicity, specificity, sensitivity and potency were evaluated. Methods: In order to produce leishmanin, standard strain of Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) was cultured in equal volume ofliquid medium of D-MEM and Tc Medium 199 in large scale. Parasites from stationary phase of growth were harvested and washed under strict standard conditions and used for preparation of leishmanin. Immunogenicity of prepared antigen was tested by skin testing in pre-immunized guinea pigs. Specificity of the reagent and abnormal sensitization were evaluated by skin testing in healthy individuals in non-endemic areas of Tehran and Tabriz. Sensitivity and potency of leishmanin reagent were evaluated by skin testing in recovered individuals from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in endemic areas of rural and urban areas. Results: The findings indicated the productions of leishmanin are sterile and safe with high immunogenicity. Specificity of the products was shown to be higher than 99% with no abnormal sensitization to reagent. Sensitivity and potency of preparations were determined > 96% with mean induration between 15-18 mm in endemic areas of rural CL, and > 93% with mean reactivity of 12-14 mm in endemic areas of urban CL. Conclusion: The findings indicated that this product is safe and sterile with high immunogenicity, specificity, sensitivity and potency and has no abnormal sensitization. These products which are easily available inside the country could be used easily for skin testing and detection of delayed-type hypersensitivity response in leishmaniasis.
Abbas Yazdanbod , Manoochehr Iran Parvar , Firooz Amani , Reza Malekzadeh , Saeid Salavati ,
Volume 6, Issue 3 (9-2006)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer in terms of mortality in the world. Ardabil province, in northwestern Iran, has the highest rate of gastric (predominantly cardia) Adeno carcinoma in Iran. The most common site of upper gastrointestinal cancer in Ardabil is cardia region (its right-side wall). Therefore this study aimed to investigate comparatively histopathology of right and left side of cardia and z-line considering the incidence of inflammatory and precancerous lesions. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed on one hundred adults who referred to Aras clinic for endoscopy. Endoscopy was done with video endoscope and a single biopsy was taken from right and left side of cardia and z-line respectively and one from antrum for H.Pylori. All the samples of the biopsy material were fixed in formalin in separate bottles and pathologic study of the samples with regard to inflammatory and precancerous lesions were done according to Sydney classification of gastritis. The collected data wereanalyzed by SPSS software using descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: 61 (61%) patients were male and 39 (39%) female. The age range of patients was 19-80 years old (standard deviation 53±16.2). Mild to severe inflammation in left and right side of cardia and z-line was 82.6%, 84%, 97.1%, 93%, mild to severe atrophy in 22.8%, 28.7%, 26.5%, 24.4% and metaplasia type 1 to 3 in 2.2%, 6.4%, 2.9%, 12.2% respectively. Suspected dysplasia in cardia and z-line was only in one case. Analysis of these variables with McNamara, Wilcoxon and Lambda tests showed no statistically meaningful difference considering the histopathological findings in left and right side wall of cardia and z-line Conclusion: This study showed no statistically meaningful difference between right and left wall of cardia and z-line considering the incidence of inflammatory and precancerous lesions. This observation is not consistent with high incidence of right sided cardia cancer. Further study with multiple biopsy sample and more sensitive methods is recommended for the diagnosis of precancerous lesions.
Maryam Zakeri Hamidi , Saeideh Zeiyaei , Anooshirvan Kazem Negad ,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (12-2006)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Dysmenorrhea is a common complaint among women, which is occasionally accompanied by gastro-intestinal problems. This study was designed to consider the therapeutical effects of vitamin E on gastro-intestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea due to primary dysmenorrhea. Methods: This was an experimental randomized study. A questionnaire was given to three hundred girl students suffering from primary dysmenorrhea. Then 128 girls who had gastro- intestinal symptoms accompyning dysmenorrhea entered the study. 69 subjects were assigned to case group and 59 to control group. From two days before the period until three days after it, four pills of vitamin E (400IU) daily were given to the case group and four chewing placebo were given to the control group as well, for four months. The data were analyzed by SPSS using Chi-square test. Results: The findings showed no significant difference between the two groups in terms of gastro-intestinal symptoms after two months of treatment. But after four months of treatment there was a significant difference in the gastro-intestinal symptoms between the two groups (p=0.001). Conclusions: Vitamin E is effective to be used after the second month of treatment to treat the gastro-intestinal symptoms in girls with primary dysmenorrhea.
Mokhtar Mokhtari , Mehrdad Shariatie , Nazanin Tadayon ,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (4-2007)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Spironolactone is a diuretic and antiandrogenic drug and is used in the treatment of hypertention 'secondary hyprealdosteronism congestive heart failure' cirrhosis of the liver, nephrotic syndrome 'androgenic alopecia' gynecomastia and hirsutism. In this research, the effects of spironolactone on the serum LH, FSH, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and changes in body weight and testicular tissue in adult male rats, were studied. Methods: For this purpose 190 10 g male wistar rats (n=40) were randomly divided into the following grups: control, sham operated (received water) and 25, 50, 100 mg/kg oral spironolactone treated groups. After 14 days body weight and testis weight under laboratory methods, were measured and blood samples were taken from heart and used for the measuring of LH/FSH/testosterone and dihydrotestosterone and then the rates' testes, in order to evaluate the histological changes, were removed and weighed and after obtaining tissue section and staining through HE, they were studied. Results: Serum LH level showed a significant increase and testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels showed asignigicant decrease in 100mg/kg spironolactone treated group ( p 0.05 ) and there was no significant difference among serum FSH level, body weight and testicular weight as compared to control group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that oral administration of spironolactone maximum dose for 14 days could increase serum LHlevel and decrease testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels.
Hosein Ghamari Givi, Somayeh Ghasem Nejad,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (9-2008)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Clock drawing test is a neuropsychological test and has simple scoring and administration. It is a visual-spatial task and therefore can be useful for assessment of the right parietal lobe, constructional apraxia and executive function in schizophrenia. Methods: this research was a descriptive-analytical study. The samples of this research were 80 inpatient male persons with schizophrenia in Razi Hospital of Tabriz in the fall of 2007. The sample size was 28 patients that were randomly selected. 28 normal persons that have been matched in age and educational level as comparison group were assessed with the test. The raw data were analyzed by independent t-test and the analyses were done by SPSS13. Results: The results indicated that there is a significant difference in two groups on two phases of research (p=0.01). In particular, the error scores in group with schizophrenia on two phases were higher than normal group. Furthermore, error scores of group with schizophrenia did not show any difference in the second phase. Conclusion: On the basis of the results it can be concluded that the clock drawing test can diagnose differentially between persons with schizophrenia and normal population. On the other hand most frequent errors on drawing the test in persons with schizophrenia was the place assignment of numbers in clock face. This failure is due to visual-spatial disorder. Visual-spatial ability is affected by the object centered system and the viewer centered system.
Hosein Alimohammadi, Nasrin Fouladi , Firouz Amani , Mehran Safarzade, Farhad Purfarzi , Effat Mazaheri ,
Volume 8, Issue 4 (12-2008)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Toxoplasmosis is an important zoonosis parasitical disease. Infection with Toxoplasma gondii in transmission of parasite to fetus or its reactivation among immune-compromised persons can lead to server clinical symptoms. The aim of study was to determine immune level of Toxoplasmosis among women who were to get married and have referred to Health Center of Ardabil. Methods: In this study 272 blood samples of women who had referred to health center of Ardabil in 2007 were collected. Samples were tested with ELISA method to detect Anti-Toxoplasma IgM and IgG Antibodies. Results: The tests showed that 42.3% of women were IgG Positive, 57.2% were IgG negative and 2.6% women were IgM positive and also IgG positive. They have ( IgG positive women) 11.3% family history of abortion, 96.5% eating raw vegetables, 92.2% eating half cooked meat, 89.6% not washing the vegetables with disinfectants, 29.6% animal contact, 57.4% contact with raw meat and 94.8% used piped water. Conclusion: Since 57.7% of women who were to marry in Ardabil city were negative from the view point of Toxoplasmosis, health education for elimination of risk factors especially within pregnancy period seems mandatory.
, , , ,
Volume 8, Issue 4 (12-2008)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Preeclampsia is a major cause of prenatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. The early diagnosis of pre-eclampsia remains one of the most important functions of antenatal care .By predicting pre-eclampsia maternal and infantile prenatal mortality rates are expected to be lowered. Methods: This was a prospective study with randomly sample that was performed on 400 primiparous women between the 28 and 32 weeks of gestation. At first weight, height, blood pressure on left position and supine position were measured then these women were followed until delivery. Results: Of total 400 women, 23 women developed pre-eclampsia. Mean difference of diastolic blood pressure in left position and supine position and BMI were significantly different in the two groups (P<0.05). Using the ROC, BMI higher than 28/88 showed a sensitivity of 61%, specificity of 92%, positive predictive value of 33% and negative predictive value of 97%. Roll-over test higher than 20 mmHg showed a sensitivity of 52%, specificity of 95%, PPV= 39% and NPV= 97%. When the two tests were positive they showed a sensitivity 30%, specificity 99%, PPV= 58% and NPV= 96%. Conclusion: The combination of Roll-over test and BMI with low sensitivity has high specificity for rulengout pre-eclampsia.
Hosein Hatami, Feizollah Mansoori,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (6-2009)
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) anthrax is a rare disease that occurs 2 to 5 days after the ingestion of undercooked meat contaminated with anthrax spores. The signs and symptoms of classic form include severe abdominal pain, hematemesis, melena, sudden and progressive ascites and severe diarrhea. The disease usually progresses to toxemia, shock, and eventually death in more than 50% of patients. Treatment-failure with penicillin is common. We report two cases of GI anthrax with review of literature. During 1988-1994 a total of 38 cases of human anthrax had been admitted in Sina hospital of Kermanshah (west of Iran). There were two cases of GI anthrax (5.3%) with positive culture of ascitic fluid. One of patients unexpectedly was diagnosed with vomiting and ascites and the other had only ascites. There were not any other signs and symptoms including abdominal pain or tenderness, diarrhea, hematemesis and melena. In contrast to available reports, these cases had atypical presentations. Both of them died although they had received sufficient dose of penicillin. We conclud that the GI anthrax is not as rare as reported but it may be misdiagnosed due to atypical presentation . Therefore, GI anthrax should be considered as a differential diagnosis in the case of progressive ascites and other GI presentations in endemic areas. This could help to diagnose more patients particularly in an early stage which may lead to better management of disease.
Farideh Ebrahimi Taj, Abdolhasan Mohammadi Khangah, Mojdeh Ramezani, Khatereh Anbari,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (9-2009)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Intradermal Purified Protein Derivative PPD test is a reliable test assessment of primary mycobacterial infection. In this test the specific antigen is Purified Protein Derivative (PPD). The reaction were assessed by touching, the induration's diameter after 48 &48hours. We compared the induration's size 48 and 72 hour in this study. Methods: At this semi experimental study a 5 unit PPD was administered to 120 healthy medical students. Results: The measurements made at 72 h were significantly (4.22 mm) (p<0.001) higher than those made at 48h (2.79 mm). The reading taken at 72 h were 1.47mm larger than at 48 h recovery. There were significant differences between induration size of 48 and 72h between male and female. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that, in adults, the size of the 5 U Monteux reaction is significantly larger at 72h compared to the reaction at 48h. We suggest to read PPD after 72 hours if the PPD is negative after 48 hours.
Sousan Salimipormehr , Noorosadat Kariman, Zohreh Sheykhan, Hamid Alavimajd,
Volume 10, Issue 4 (12-2010)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Breast cancer is one third of all kinds of cancers and the second reason of death in women. Prevention and screening can decrease affection and death rate. The aim of this study was to determine the breast cancer screening tests performance and affecting factors in women referred to Ardabil’s Health and Medical Centers in 2009 . Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 300 women referring to Ardabil’s Health and Medical Centers were chosen by multistage sampling. The information was collected through the researcher-made questionnaire including two parts: Knowledge and Attitude questions and a form about demographical characteristics, family, social and economic factors, risk and women-midwifery factors. For analyzing the data, SPSS software version 16, and descriptive and deductive statistic tests were used . Results: The percentage of screening tests including self-examination, clinical examination and mammography consequently were 4%, 4.7% and 3.7%. There was significant relationship between breast self-examination and education (p =0.003), knowledge (p =0/002) and attitude (p=0.004). No significant difference was observed between insurance status and history of hormone therapy and breast cancer screening tests. Conclusion: In regard to the low rate of breast cancer screening conducted and determining the affecting factors, the appropriate educational programs and interventional research are emphasized .
Gholamreza Sepehri , Vahid Sheibani , Yasamin Pahlavan , Mohammadreza Afarinesh Khaki , Khadijeh Esmail Pour Bezenjani, Bahareh Pahlavan ,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (4-2011)
Abstract
Background & objectives: Origanum Vulgare is an herbal plant which is widely distributed in the north and northwest parts of Iran and posses therapeutic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of aqueous extract of Origanum Vulgare L. ssp. viride on pain threshold in male rats. Methods: In this study,28 Male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were divided randomly into 4 groups (n=7) . Rats were anaesthetized with a mixture of ketamine and xylazine and placed in stereotaxic apparatus. A guide cannula was inserted into ventricular area, according to the atlas of Paxinos and Watson. One week after surgery , three groups of rats received microinjection of Origanum extract (1, 3, 6µg/rat). Controls received the microinjection of the same volume of saline. Tail flick latency (TFL) was used to assess the nociceptive response each 15 min for 120 min, using tail flick test. The results were analyzed by repeated measurement test. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the mean values of quantitative variable among the groups. The data are expressed as mean ± SEM. p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Intracerebroventricular administration of the Origanum extract resulted in significant and dose-dependent increase in TFL compared to controls (p<0.05). Origanum extract at dose of 3µg/rat showed the highest analgesic response. The maximum analgesic response was observed at 60 min and 90 min post extract injection (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that the ICV injection of aqueous extract of Origanum Vulgare possesses dose- dependent antinociceptive activities in the tail flick test in rats.
Mokhtar Mokhtari , Mahmood Abedinzade , Seiyedeh Narjes Naseran,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (6-2012)
Abstract
Background & Objectives : Considering the widespread use of walnut in the cooking of foods and medical applications, the present study evaluate possible effects of alcoholic extract of Walnut on FSH, LH and testosterone concentration in adult male rats. Methods: In this experimental study 40 adult male Wistar rats weighing 250-300g were used and divided into five groups, eight rats per each group. Control group do not receive any treatment . Organic solvent was administered as placebo to sham group , three experimental group, that receive different doses of alcoholic extract of walnut , 10 - 20 and 50 (mg/ kg/Intraperitoneally) respectively, were fed daily and serum levels of FSH, LH and testosterone were measured. All data were analyzed by SPSS 16 and one way ANOVA test.
Results: In comparison with control group, only in group treated by 50 mg/kg of walnut extract, FSH and LH concentration increased significantly (P<0.05). Concentration of testosterone in experimental groups (20 mg/kg and 50mg/kg dose of extract) showed significant statistical difference compared with other groups (P<0.05) . Conclusion: According to results of this study, alcoholic extract of Walnut affect pituitary- testis axis and increase GnRH and LH secretion rate therefore enhance reproductive activity in male rats.
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