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Introduction & objectives: Marital satisfaction is a very important aspect of a couple's relationship that is affected by various factors such as cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to assess the sexual satisfaction based on the left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) in patients with coronary artery disease.
Methods: This descriptive  cross-sectional study was performed on 220 patients with acute coronary disease admitted to angiography ward of Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Kashan University of Medical Sciences in 2018. The data collection tools in this study included background and clinical information checklists and Larson's sexual satisfaction questionnaire. Data analysis was performed with chi-square, one-way ANOVA and univariate and multivariate regression test.
Results: The mean sexual satisfaction of all participants was 103.24±13.62. Their average sexual satisfaction in people with LVEF in range of >55%, 45-55%, 35-45% and <35% was 106.29±14.49, 105.95±10.12, 103.84±12.18 and 96.89±17.7 (p=0.041) respectively.
Conclusion: LVEF is an important factor in sexual satisfaction in patients with acute coronary disease and sexual satisfaction decreases by reducing of LVEF.

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Background & objectives: Depression is a common and debilitating brain disorder and a type of psychiatric syndromes. The most common symptoms of this disease are irritability, worthlessness, sleep problems and anxiety disorders. Reserpine is a drug that can cause depression in animals if used at a very low dose. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective non-pharmacological treatments for depression. In this study, the effect of electroconvulsive therapy on male rats depressed by reserpine in behavioral tests and neural counting in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex areas was investigated.
Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male rats were used and they were divided into four groups of ten: 1-control group, 2- ECT group, 3- Depressed group induced by reserpine (0.2 mg/kg i.p.), 4- Depressed + ECT group. Open field, sucrose preference, forced swimming and elevated plus maze tests were used to evaluate anxiety and depression-related behavioral function. At the end of the tests, histochemical studies were performed with neuronal counting in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
Results: The results of anxiety and depression behavioral tests showed a significant difference between depressed group and depressed+ECT group (p<0.05). Similarly, studies of the tissue degeneration from hippocampal and prefrontal incisions, showed that ECT could significantly decrease cell death in the depressed+ECT group compared to the depressed group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results, ECT can reduce the anxiety and depression behaviors induced by reserpine injections in depressed animals and can cause neurogenesis in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.

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Background & objectives: Toluene as a systemic toxin and industrial solvents has different effects on vital organs of the body. There is little mechanistic study of the interactions between toluene and human lymphocytes. In this study, the direct toxicity of toluene and the potential of agents with antioxidant, mitochondrial/lysosomal protective effects to reduce its possible toxicity in human lymphocytes were studied.
Methods: Blood lymphocytes were isolated from healthy male volunteer's blood, using Ficoll Paque Plus followed by gradient centrifugation. In this study, cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, lipid peroxidation (LPO), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), lysosomal membrane damage, glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) levels, were determined in blood lymphocytes after incubation with toluene and antioxidant, mitochondrial and lysosomal protective compounds.
 Results: Results showed that toluene reduced lymphocyte viability, increased ROS levels, LPO content, damage to lysosomal membranes, mitochondrial damages and GSH depletion, which these damages were significantly inhibited by dibutyl hydroxytoluene (BHT) as a synthetic antioxidant, cyclosporine A (Cs. A) as an inhibitor of mitochondrial pores, and chloroquine as a lysosomotropic agent.
Conclusion: Results of our study suggest that using of antioxidants, mitochondrial and lysosomal protective agents can be effective in reducing toluene-induced toxicity in exposed individuals.

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Background & objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of preventive administration of ketamine, fentanyl and paracetamol on pain intensity and hemodynamic parameters after deep vitrectomy.
Methods: In this clinical trial, 80 candidates of deep vitrectomy surgery were randomly assigned into 4 groups (1-4) and received 0.5 mg / kg ketamine, 2 μg / kg fentanyl, 10 mg/kg of paracetamol and equivolume of normal saline respectively intravenous infusion during the last 15 minutes of surgery. Pain intensity and hemodynamic parameters were recorded and analyzed.
Results: Pain intensity was significantly higher in placebo group during the first 4 hours after operation (p<0.01), but no significant differences were observed between the study groups at 8 and 24 hours after operation in this regard. There were no significant differences between the three intervention groups in terms of pain intensity during the study. Also there were no significant differences between the 4 study groups regarding to hemodynamic parameters.
Conclusion: The use of each of the three intervention drugs significantly reduced the pain intensity compared to the control group without any hemodynamic derangement.

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Background and objectives: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most prevalent infection and Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the main causes of UTI worldwide. Integrons are mobile genetic elements considered to be responsible for dissemination of multi-drug resistance infections. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the antibiotic resistance patterns and distribution of class I, II and III integrons among E. coli isolated from patients.
Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, from Jun 2020 to March 2021, in total, 70 non-duplicate strains of E. coli were isolated from patients with UTI referred to Amiralmomenin hospital, Zabol, Iran. Antibiotic resistance patterns were determined using Kirby-Bauer’s disk diffusion method and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Class I, II and III integrons were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Results: The isolates showed high resistance toward ampicillin (77.1%), trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole (58.5%) and ceftriaxone (35%), whereas were mostly susceptible to meropenem (97%). Based on results of PCR, 34 (48.6%) and 3 (4.3%) isolates were classified as class I and class II integron-positive strains, respectively.
Conclusion: Resistance rate to ampicillin, ceftriaxone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was at a high level and their prescription should be restricted. Class I integron is widely distributed among E. coli isolates and play a crucial role in the emergence of antibiotic resistance

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Background & objectives: Sex impacts the manner in which a person responds to such disease as susceptibility and progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the sex differences in the genotype distribution and allele frequency of some of the adiponectin gene polymorphisms and the comparison of the interaction of the studied polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes-related environment risk factors between males and females.
Methods: This study included 103 males and 79 females with type 2 diabetes and 94 healthy males and 61 healthy females for control. Genotyping was performed using amplification refractory mutation system-PCR (T-ARMS-PCR). Statistical analysis was done using SPSS-26.0. The interaction between SNP-SNP and SNPs-environmental factors was analyzed using MDR (version 3.0.2) software.
Results: Sex-genotype interaction effect was significantly associated only for triglycerides with SNP-11391G/A (p= 0.027). For SNP+45T/G, the difference genotypes were distinctly associated with hemoglobin A1c (p=0.024), body mass index (p=0.033) and body fat percentage (p=0.018). For +276G/T fasting insulin level detected a potential difference in genotypes (p=0.016). Regarding to the results of MDR analysis, the combination of fasting blood glucose, rs17300539 and sex was the best three-factor model. In this model, the distribution of patients according to sex is demonstrated that most men with GA and AA genotypes of -11391G/A had Hemoglobin A1C more than 8.5 while in women there was no relation to genotype found.
Conclusion: Sexual difference impact the interaction between adiponectin gene polymorphisms and environmental risk factors. According to the findings of this study, the effect of environmental risk factors on the progression of type 2 diabetes related to Adiponectin gene polymorphisms are demonstrated within the males more than females.

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Background & objectives: Research on intelligent nanomaterials that accelerate the process of nerve regeneration and treatment by different methods such as antioxidant effects, stimulation of nerve cell proliferation, modulation of the immune system and inflammatory factors is great importance. The aim of this study was to prepare cinnamon-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles and evaluate its antioxidant and cytotoxicity effects on PC12 cell line.
Methods: Cinnamon-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles were prepared and their structural properties were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To evaluate the antioxidant properties of the compounds, free radical trapping methods 2 and 2 diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl were used. Cell viability in the presence of compounds was measured by a toxicity test (MTT) [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test.
Results: FTIR spectra and TEM images showed the processing of nanoparticles with an average size of less than 100 nm with cinnamon coating on their surface. Also, the antioxidant capacity of cinnamon-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles was significantly higher (*p<0.038) than extracts and nanoparticles alone at similar concentrations. Evaluation the results of cytotoxicity showed that the lowest toxicity was observed in the cinnamon-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles group.
Conclusion: Results showed higher antioxidant properties and low cytotoxic effects of cinnamon-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles compared to other groups, which leads to better efficacy, proliferation, longer cell survival, its green synthesis and coverage by cinnamon

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Background & objectives: Flat foot is one of the most common physical and motor disorders among students. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three comprehensive corrective exercise protocols on the correction of flexible flat foot in boy students with overweight.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, which was performed as a pre-test, post-test with a control group, a total of 80 overweight students with flexible flat foot were selected purposefully and divided into four equal groups (n=20) randomly; (Theraband exercise, NASM, water resistance training and a control group). The experimental groups performed correction exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions with 45 minutes per week. Variables were measured at the baseline and after 8 weeks of correctional program. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance by SPSS 24 software at the significance level of p<0.05.
Results: The results of the study showed that the three protocols; Theraband exercise, NASM and water resistance training had a significant effect on the improvement of flexible flat feet in overweight male students with coefficients of 0.23, 0.32 and 0.15, respectively (p≤0.05). Furthermore, it was observed a significant difference between of these three corrective protocols on flexible flat foot.
Conclusion: These findings indicated that the three correction exercises have a significant effect on the improvement of flexible flat feet. Therefore, it is recommended trainers of rehabilitation centers and corrective movements use these training methods.
 

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Candida albicans is the most common cause of invasive candidiasis, but in recent years the incidence of infections caused by other species such as Candida Kruzei, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis and Candida lusitania has increased. In the last decade, the treatment methods for invasive candidiasis have changed completely, and a successful treatment depends on the timely start of treatment, the selection of an effective drug, and the lack of resistance of the fungus to that particular drug. On the other hand, the widespread use of immunosuppressive drugs as well as organ transplants has all caused widespread problems in the treatment of invasive candidiasis. Together, these observations highlight a rationale for the immediate development of new immunotherapy methods to enhance antifungal therapy in immunocompromised hosts. The past decade has seen great advances in our understanding of fungal immunobiology, leading to a number of new molecular and cellular immunotherapy methods for invasive fungal infections. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the common and new antifungal drugs in the treatment of invasive candidiasis and to discuss the role of immunotherapy in better prevention and control of the disease.

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Background & objectives: Diabetes is a disease that requires continuous monitoring of blood glucose levels to control its complications. At present, blood glucose is measured using portable devices; most of the electrodes of these devices work using the enzyme glucose oxidase. Due to the high cost of the enzyme and its instability, non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors can significantly contribute to the emergence of new generation devices.
Methods: In this study, keywords of glucose measurement, non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors in the period 1962 -2020, were searched and studied from Elsevier, Scopus, Science Direct and PubMed databases. In this review, first, the different generations of glucose sensors and how they are made are mentioned, and the types of materials used in the preparation of enzyme-based sensors are discussed. The progress made in non-enzymatic sensors is mentioned in the following, and the advantages and challenges of these types of glucose sensors are discussed.
Results: Materials used to prepare non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensors are platinum, copper, platinum alloys, gold and platinum nanomaterials, and molecular mold polymers. The main problem of these compounds is the lack of selectivity of these compounds and their weak signal due to the intervention of disturbing species. However, using molecular mold polymers seems an excellent option to solve this problem.
Conclusions: Non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensors have the advantage of high stability and low cost, and measuring the amount of glucose in biological fluids can be helpful in controlling diabetes. Advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology and molecularly formulated polymers have made it possible to produce new nanomaterials to create enzyme-free systems for glucose detection, but several studies are needed to bring these sensors to market.

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Background & objectives: Low immunogenicity and targeted migration of mesenchymal stem cells to inflammatory sites have introduced these cells as the best vehicle for the delivery of gene or therapeutic products. Lentiviral vectors can be used as an efficient vehicle for inserting ectopic genes into stem cells. Therefore, the evaluation of the effect of lentiviral vectors on the identity, behavior and functional characteristics of the stem cells can show that vectors are safe tools in cell manipulation and gene therapy.
Methods: At first, three vectors of lentivirus were added to HEK-293T cells using calcium phosphate method. After confirming the expression of GFP protein in more than 80% of HEK-293T cells, viral supernatant was collected and concentrated. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs) were transduced with condensed viruses. After the elimination of the non-transduced cells by puromycin, transduced hASCs were evaluated for immunophenotyping and differentiation to adipocyte and osteocyte. Behavioral characteristics such as viability, migration and invasion were analyzed using MTT and transwell methods, respectively.
Results: In the current study, there was no significant difference in the expression of CD29, CD34, CD73 and differentiation to adipocyte and osteocyte in the test group when compared to the control group. Moreover, there was no significant difference between two study groups in the behavioral characteristics such as proliferation, invasion and migration.
Discussion: The findings of this study declare that lentiviral vectors do not have adverse effects on the identity and functional characteristics of stem cells. Therefore, they can be used in gene manipulation of the target cell.
 

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Background & objectives: Urinary tract infection is still one of the most common diseases that affect pregnant women. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of sexual hygiene behaviors on urinary tract infection in pregnant women.
Methods: A case-control study was conducted on 100 pregnant women with urinary tract     infection (case group) and 150 pregnant women without urinary tract infection (control group) in health centers of Ardabil city in 2020. Purposive sampling was done in 6-10 weeks of pregnancy. The information was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. SPSS 21 software was used for statistical analysis of data. The odds ratio (OR) of infection in both groups was estimated by logistic regression.
Results: Sexual health behaviors in the majority of women of the case group (47%) were average (with score of 50.1-66), but in the majority of the control group (49.33%) were good (with score of 66.1-84) (p<0.001). Sexual intercourse 3 or more times in a week in the last 30 days was significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (p=0.001). Spouse bathing before sexual intercourse was less in women in the case group than the control group (p=0.022). Statistically significant differences were observed in Pre-coital voiding (p=0.04), Post coital voiding (p=0.02) and post-coital bathing (p=0.03) in the two groups.
Conclusion: Sexual hygiene behaviors play an important role in preventing or contracting urinary tract infections. Therefore, training and improving hygiene behaviors in women and their spouses is an effective step in reducing urinary tract infections.
 

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Background & objectives: Tissue engineering is a growing field to repair and replace the defective function of damaged tissue or organ, and today it is proposed as a new treatment to replace conventional transplant methods. For this purpose, polymeric biomaterials (scaffolds) and living cells are used. The purpose of this study is to fabricate polycaprolactan (PCL) nanoscaffold and load silymarin on the nanoscaffold to check the biocompatibility and proliferation ability of pc12 cells on it.
Methods: In order to prepare polycaprolactan nanoscaffold and load silymarin on it, 7% polycaprolactan solution (dissolved in acetic acid) was mixed with silymarin solution with a concentration of 0.9% (weight percent), and then the scaffold was prepared using electrospinning device. The morphology of the scaffold was evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the chemical structure of the scaffold was evaluated by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Toxicity of the scaffold and cell survival of PC12 cells were investigated by MTT test and SEM microscope respectively.
Results: Examining the morphology of the scaffold and its chemical structure showed the appropriate porosity of the scaffold and the successful loading of silymarin on the PCL scaffold. The toxicity of the scaffold was investigated 24, 48 and 72 hours after the cultivation of PC12 cells, and the results showed an increase in cell viability and proper attachment of cells on the scaffold.
Conclusion: The results of this research showed that the loading of silymarin on polycaprolactan scaffold increases the proliferation and survival of PC12 cells. Therefore, this scaffold can be a suitable candidate for nerve tissue engineering.
 

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Background: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) reestablishes electromyography activity during moderate activities such as walking but it is unclear whether this is also the case in sports activities such as running. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the acute effect of using anti- pronation insoles on muscle frequency content in an individual with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with pronated feet during running.                                                                  
Methods: The sample of this study consisted of 13 individuals with both ACLR and pronated feet aged 23.2±4.5 years and 13 healthy ones aged 22.9±4.1 years. During both Pre and Post-tests, participants ran barefoot on an 18-m runway at a constant speed of 3.3±5 m/s. The electromyography activity of the lower limb muscles was recorded during running with and without anti-Pronation insoles. Two-way ANOVA with repeated-measures test was used for statistical analysis.              
Results: The results indicated greater vastus medial frequency content in ACLR with the pronated feet group than that the healthy group during the loading phase (p=0.024). Also, results demonstrated that the rectus femoris frequency content was greater at the insole condition compared with and without it during the loading phase (p=0.014).
Conclusion: The results of this research showed a significant change in the activity of the quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteus medius, and gastrocnemius when using anti-pronation insoles in people with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and pronate feet. Therefore, it could be useful clinically.
 

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