Background & Objectives:�Understanding children’s behavior and its affecting factors is the foundation for practicing dentistry for children effectively and, at the same time instilling a positive dental attitude into them. A number of studies have been done in this regard during the last three decades. This study is another attempt to find out proper strategies in order to control and optimize the diagnostic and trearment measures as well as to investigate the effect of mothers ’ personality characteristics on children ’ s behavior.

 Methods: The sample consisted of 104 randomly selected children (53 boys and 51 girls) at the age of 3 to 6 together with their mothers. The children had no previous dental experiences and no mental or physical disabilities entailing special care. Children’s behavior was assessed during three different dental visits according to Frankle ’ s Behavioral Rating Scale, in which four distinctive scales, namely absolutely negative, negative, positive and absolutely positive were precisely defined and scaled. The first visit was dental examination, the second was fluoride therapy and the last one was restorative dental treatment. Meanwhile, their mothers ’ personalities were determined through an interview conducted by a psychiatrist and based on DSMIV criteria and using General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) these personality characteristics were categorized in four groups: Normal, Depressed, Anxious and Obsessional.

 Results:�The findings revealed that 12.5% of children had no cooperation during 3 visits, most of whom were 3 to 4 years old. The difference was significant compared to 4-5 and 5-6 year old children (p<0.05). In addition, sex did not influence children ’ s behavior. This study showed that children of mothers with obsessional personality were the most cooperative ones during the 3 visits compared to mothers with other personality characteristics. This difference was statistically significant at the first visit, (p<0.05).

  Conclusion: Mother ’ s personality has the strongest effect on children’s behavior during the first dental visit.

  Background and Objectives: Early diagnosis of diabetes can prevent many unwanted and irreversible consequences which require a lot of expenses as well as advanced treatment methods and experts. The present study set out to compare prevalence of diabetes in first degree relatives (FDR) of patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), glucose intolerants and controls.

  Methods: In This case-control research, 277 healthy subjects (129 males and 148 females) with the age of 11-95 were selected from among FDR in three groups, namely those with type II diabetes, glucose intolerants and controls and were evaluated in terms of diabetic condition. World health organization criteria were applied to recognize case(s) of diabetes and glucose intolerants.

  Results: Odds ratio of being type 2 diabetic or IGT, in FDR of patients with T2DM and subjects with IGT, 5.261 compared to controls was (with 95% CI of 2.15-12.82). Prevalence of T2DM and IGT in both male and female FDR of patients with T2DM and with IGT, was significantly higher than that of controls (p< 0.005).

  Conclusion: Significantly higher prevalence of T2DM and IGT in FDR of patients with T2DM and with IGT, compared to controls, offers a very quick and cost-effective method of diagnosing covered cases of diabetes in country's health care systems.

 Background & Objectives: Goiter prevalence in school age children is an indicator of the severity of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD_S) in the society and a goiter prevalence ≥5 % in school age children indicates a public health problem. In area of mild to moderate IDD_S, measurement of thyroid volume by ultrasonography through observation is preferrable to population for grading goiter. Considering the importace of this issue, because of being mountainous and lack of this method's application for determining the incidence of goiter this study was desinged.

 Methods: In this descriptive – analytical study, thyroid volumes of 230 boys between 12 to 15 years old were measured by portable ultrasonograph in Tabriz. Also urinary iodine concentrations were determined by method A (Sandell-kolthoff reaction).

 Results: Mean of subjects’ thyroid volume was 8.12 ±2.21 ml and with latest references of Iran and WHO/NHD, goiter prevalence was taken based age 51.7 % and based surface body 81.1 %. Urinary iodine median of tested samples was 15.2µg/dl and iodine deficiency prevalence was 29.1 % . There was no significant correlation between urinary iodine and thyroid volume.

 Conclusion: Large thyroid volume of middle school boys in Tabriz is probably due to iodine intake deficiency in the first years of their life. Also, the role of goitrogenic factors and effect of climate condition on thyroid volume and goiter prevalence of middle school boys in Tabriz shouldn't be ignored. Further studies are recommended for determination of a local reference for thyroid volume Also it is necessary to be sure from consumption of iodine salt and its standardization.

  Background & Objectives: Arsenic is the third element of 5^th Group of the periodic table and it is the twentieth rarest element in the earth's crust. This material has application in agriculture, livestock, medicine, electronics and metallurgy. It enters the environment from natural phenomena and human activities, causing pollution in it. Arsenic is a substance that is poisonous, cumulative, and an inhibitor of SH group enzymes. Several studies have identified significant correlation between high levels of Arsenic in drinking water and cancer in liver, nasal cavity, lungs, skin, bladder and kidney in men and women, and prostate in men. The present study was aimed to determin the impact of parameters affecting reverse osmosis membrane performance in Arsenic removal from drinking water.

  Methods: In this research, Arsenic removal was surveyed and tested through reverse osmosis membrane with spiral-wound module (model: 2521 TE, made in CSM Co. Korea). The used solution was prepared synthetically in the laboratory using sodium arsenate, and system performance was investigated under the influence of parameters such as arsenic concentration, pressure, pH and temperature of the input solution. In each case, the flux rate passing through the membrane and transverse velocity was measured. For each mode, after 30 minutes, desired samples were picked up, and then were tested with silver diethyldithiocarbamate method (Test No. 3500-As B, standard method).

  Results: The results of experiments and measurements showed that the parameters of concentration, pH, temperature and pressure in input solution are effective in reverse osmosis membrane performance (model TE 2521), and the increase or decrease in each parameter leads to changes in the system’s efficiency and performance. The optimal conditions and performance of membrane under the influence of these parameters were defined as follows: pressure 190-210 psi, concentration 0.2-0.5 mg/L, temperature 25-30 ⁰C, and pH = 6-8. Arsenic removal efficiency at the optimum system performance was determined at about 99-95 percent.

  Conclusion: According to the results and the high efficiency and acceptable performance, this approach is effective and can be applied as a method for Arsenic removal in areas with contaminated water.

  Background & objectives : Today there is a significant progress in the treatment of female infertility but there is no main improvement for the rate of implantation and live birth. This is because of non-implantation and early abortion that lead to decrease the rate of live birth. Genital infections such as bacterial vaginosis are common cause of this problem.

  Distinction and treatment of bacterial vaginosis is easy and non-expensive. Treatment of bacterial vaginosis could results in improving the rate of implantation and then live birth.

  Methods: We considered 209 infertile women treated with ICSI (intra cytoplasmic sperm injection). This study was performed in infertility clinic of KOSAR hospital affiliated to Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

  Before transferring of embryo, a sample was taken from posterior culdesac secretions by sterile cotton swap and fixed it on lamella. Then bacterial vaginitis was graded by a pathologist. The relationship of bacterial vaginosis with implantation and early abortion was studied. Data were entered into SPSS software and analyzed by t-test and Chi-Square test. p<0.05 is considered statistically significant.�

  Results: Bacterial vaginosis was significantly more frequent in patients with tubal and ovulatory disorder (p=0.013). In women undergoing ICSI, bacterial vaginosis was not associated with decreased conception rate (p=0.892) and with increased rate of early pregnancy loss (p=0.44).

  Conclution: Bacterial vaginosis is prevalent in women with infertility. It is also the most important cause of infertility in patients with tubal and ovulatory disorder. Bacterial vaginosis does not affect fertilization rate.