Background & Objectives : nausea and vomiting is one the most common problem during pregnancy. There are several reports about treating effect of acupressure for nausea and vomiting. Our propose was to investigate of p₆ acupressure in reducing and relieving of symptoms of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.

  Methods : A single blind clinical trial has been conducted in order to examine the effect of P₆ acupressure on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in women referring to health center of Ardebil at 2005. 75 women complained of nausea and vomiting after being matched on the basis of the intensity of nausea and vomiting and pregnancy period were invited to participate in the study. Subjects were divided into three groups of treatment, placebo, and control (25 persons in each group), accidentally. Women in treatment group use acupressure wristbands with pressure to P₆ acu-point, in placebo group use acupressure wristbands without pressure to P₆ and control with no intervention. The symptoms were evaluated for 6 days and twice daily using a questionnaire inspired by Rhodes Inventory of Nausea and Vomiting. In the first 3 days all there groups equally filled the questionnaire and in the second 3days the treatment and placebo groups filled there out. Data of frequency, duration, and severity of nausea and frequency of vomiting were analyzed by Analysis of variance and Wilcoxon means were compared with Tukey and Kruskal-wallis tests.

  Results: Analysis revealed that the participants in three groups didn't have significant differences in regard to age (treatment 24.3 ±3.9 , placebo 24.9 ±4.3 , control 25.4 ± 3.3 year), gestational age (treatment 12.4 ±2.8 , placebo 12.9 ± 3.1, control 12.4 ±2.8 week) number of parity (treatment 1.7, placebo 1.6, control 1.4 times) education, job, number of pregnancy. The mean score of nausea severity decreased from 25.1 ±18.6 to 12.0 ±11.0 in treatment group, from 22.8 ± 14.6 to 16.1 ±12.31 in placebo group but increased from 16.3 ± 7.48to 17.5 ±8.92 in control group. The mean of vomiting frequency also decreased from 3.1 ± 3.33 to 1.5 ±1.66 and from 3.1 ± 4.30 to 1.9 ±3.68 in treatment and placebo group, respectively but its value changed from 1.2 ± 2.2 to 1.4 ± 1.4 in control group. Differences between pre-treatment and treatment period of nausea and vomiting symptoms was not significant in treatment group than placebo groups (p<0.043) and it was more in the placebo compared to control group (p<0.009). Comparing of means in treatment and placebo groups showed significant difference in nausea frequency and severity but not significant differences in duration of nausea and frequency of vomiting.

  Conclusion: P₆ acupressure wristband is effective in the treatment compared to control and placebo for reduction of severity, duration and frequency of nausea and frequency of vomiting. The wristband without pressure to P₆ acu-point also is affected in reducing nausea and vomiting symptoms but its effect is lower than P₆ wristband.

  Background & Objectives: With regards to the importance of health and Quality of Life improvement in the elderly in relation with physical activity and self esteem, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of programmed exercise on the self esteem of elderly residents in the nursing home of Rasht city in 2008.

  Methods: This study included a pretest and post test on 32 qualified samples. The Rosenberg self esteem scale were filled by them. Then, they attended a programmed exercise for one month. The scale was filled again by participants. The collected pre-test and pot-test data were analyzed using a-t-test SPSS software.

  Results: The average age of the participants was 73.53 (± 8.31). Most of them were widowed, 43.8% had no children, 87.5% were uneducated and the rest (12.5%) had a primary level of education. 37.2 of them had resided in the nursing home for less than one year and their average of residence was 1357±17.11 days. The source of income for 59.4% of participants was through children and relations. 27 persons (84.4%) had frequent visits with relations. 34.4% of them had a disease in history. There were significant correlations between number of children, marriage, education and job and number of previous jobs, gender job and education and number of previous job, visit frequency and education and time of the last visit. The correlation between sums of self esteem scores before and after the exercise was positive and significant and 22.81±4.84 Average of self esteem score before and after programmed exercise was 26.84±4.35.

  Conclusion: Regular exercise is effective in improving the self-esteem among the elderly and it can recommend to the elderly as a safe and cheap method.

  Background & Objectives: Lymphadenopathy refers to the disease of lymphatic nodes. Any immune response against foreign antigens is often associated with lymph node enlargement (lymphadenopathy) and lymphadenitis. Most pathologic studies of neck lymph nodes indicated TB as the most common cause of cervical lymphadenopathy. Approach to a neck lymphadenopathy as the main complaint of the patients or the only clinical finding is usual events which physicians encounters frequently during their practice. M anagement of these patients depends on the physician experience and knowledge. This study aimed to investigate etiology of cervical lymphadenopathies in admitted patients.

  Methods : In this cross-sectional study, one hundred patients with cervical lymphadenopathy who referred to Fatemi hospital from 2002-2006 and underwent excisional biopsy with pathologic results were included. Demographic data ' age and sex', and pathologic findings were obtained using the patients' file . FNA results and non lymphoid samples were excluded . All findings were analyzed by SPSS.

  Results: A total number of 100 subjects were studied of whom, 52 (52%) were male and 48 (48%) were female. On the basis of pathologic findings, tuberculosis was the most common cause of lymphadenopathy (36%) . Reactive changes including follicular hyperplasia, sinus histiocytosis and other forms of lymphadenitis, metastatic carcinoma, Hodgkin and non Hodgkin lymphoma were found in 34%, 13%, 9% and 8% respectively. In patients aged under 15, reactive changes were seen in 11cases (57%), and in age group of 16- 55 years tuberculosis was found in 31 cases (44.2%), and metastatic carcinoma was diagnosed in subjects aged over 55 years with 5 cases (45.4%).

  Background & objective: Different studies have been emphasized the effects of maternal position on labor and delivery these effects isn’t less important than medical and midwifery factors. This study is a quasi- experimental. This study wants to the effects of Maternal elective position during active phase on the process and outcome of Labor and delivery in primigravida women.

  Methods: The of the study were 150 women 75 women in case group (women in the elective Position) and 75 women in whom allowed to cuoie their labor control group in . All women were between 18-30 years, term pregnancy (hist and second s ??), interval of poin in second sreye of labor, the first and minu as scores, mother’s sansfa??? Of delivery experwones, onest of breasr feedy have recorded.

  Results: The results of the study showed that the elective and freedom of position significantly reduced length of active phase (p=0/002), need for oxytocin augumentation (p=0/0058), pain intensity (p=0/026), ceasarean section (p=0/0393) and increased APGAR score in the first minute (p<0/01), early onset of breast feeding (p=0/0015) and Mothers’ satisfaction of delivery experience (p=0/0001). Duration of second stage and fifth minute Apgar were not different in two groups.

  Background & Objectives: Despite of high family planning coverage in Ardabil province comparing to other provinces of country, the population growth rate is higher than other provinces in Ardabil that presents incorrect, discontinuous, and interrupted use of intrauterine devices (IUD). This research was carried out to investigate the continuation, and factors affecting to interrupted use of IUD in women referring to health centers of Ardabil city in 2004.

  Methods: The Subjects of this descriptive-analytic and historical cohort study were 301 women. Data were collected by a questionnaire and were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier Survival and Log-Rank tests through SPSS software.

  Results: Duration of continuous use of IUD was more than 18 months among 77.1 % of subjects. Average duration was higher in 20-25 years women (24.5 ± 1 months). The lowest duration of continuous use of IUD was observed among women with age higher then 25 years old (14.3 ± 3.4 months). There was a significant relationship between discontinuous use of IUD and volume of menstrual bleeding (p=0.005). The mean of continuation in the women with a lot of bleeding was 20.5 ± 1 while for the women with low bleeding was 22.4 ± 1.5. Type of referring to IUD control had meaningful correlation (p=0.03) with average duration of using this device. Mean time of continuation in women that referred occasionally was 23.8 ± 0.6. There was significant relation between complication and IUD interruption. The highest interruption time belonged to the women that declared the infection, wound and PID (mean 25.5 months) and the lowest interruption time was observed in the women with bleeding and spotting (mean 18 months).

  Conclusion: Continuation of using IUD in 87.4 % of women was less than 6 months, in 81.4% was from 6 to 12 months, and in 72.1 % was from 12 to18 months. The most common reason of discontinuation was medical factors and IUD caused complication. The most common complication was bleeding.

 Background and objectives: Suicide is an important problem for social safety and health. This phenomenon is costly for remedy and also is against Islamic values and ethics. Recognizing some risk factors of forecasting after epidemiologic studies on people whom attempted to suicide could prepare and present outlines and proper guides for preventing by health and social planners. This research is purposed on suicide epidemiologic study to obtain full and enough data about deceased people by suicide in Ardebil province.

 Methods: The subjects of this descriptive, analytic and sectional research were 64 deceased people by suicide from 2003-2008, who were registered in Bualy, Fatemu, Alavi Hospital and Forensic Medicine of Ardabil Province. The Data was gathered by a researcher designed questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software.

 Results: The highest rate of suicide belonged to age rank of 15-24 years (43.8 %), which occurred in female (62.5 %), married people (57.8 %) urban society (65.6 %) and patient without past chronic physical illness or psychiatric history and without pre-attempt suicide. Self poisoning by drugs and toxins were the most common used method in this case (90.6 %). Orderly the most common used drugs were Organo-Phosphorate Toxins, Tricyclic Antidepressants and Aluminum Phosphid.

 Conclusion:�This research is indicating various risk factors such as sex, age, marriage status, residing place of society and easy access to drugs and toxins. According to obtained results, it is better or proper to accomplished related education and training of preventation and interference of mental health in second and third decades of life with allocation of much time for females (especially married). We suggest paying more attention to education, preventation, diagnosis and treatment of poisoning especially poisoning by most common drugs and toxins.

  Inguinal hernia is a common disease of middle age and older. This case is one of huge and rare inguinal hernia with the size of 30 × 30 × 35 cm. A sixty years old man was referred to hospital with a big mass in left inguinal area and problem of walking and wearing of clothes. At physical examination, a massive left-sided inguinal hernia was observed. The surgery operation was carried out with the technique of Bassini and using of mesh the tissues of inside sac include omentum and gut returned into the abdomen manually. The patient was followed for 3-6 months. Similar cases were reported from India and Japan previously.

  Background & Objectives : Excessive amounts of nitrate and nitrite in food causes to increasing the risk of gut and intestinal cancer in adults and met-hemoglobinemia disease in infants. Human body intake about 80% of nitrate from fruits and vegetables. This research carried out with the aim of determining the nitrate concentration of fruits and vegetables consumed by Ardabil citizens and to compare with acceptable levels.

  Methods : Samples of fruits and vegetables were collected from 10 markets around Ardabil city in September and October of 2009. The samples were washed two times with tap and distilled water, dried at 55 ºC and their moisture content were measured. Samples were ground with regular and ball mills and 0.025 molar aluminum sulfate solution was used to extraction. Nitrate concentration of extracts was measured with anion selective apparatus with nitrate electrode. To investigate the possibility of nitrate intake reduction by peeling, the skin and meat of some fruits and vegetables samples were measured, separately. SPSS software was used for determining of mean and standard deviation of sample's nitrate concentration. Duncan multiple range test was used for grouping of fruits and vegetables in the respect of their nitrate concentration.

  Results : The concentration of nitrate in leafy vegetables was higher than those of root and glandy vegetables. Fruits had lower nitrate concentration than vegetables. The highest nitrate concentrations were observed in spring onion, purple headed cabbage, and spinach with the amounts of 1555.8, 1394.8, and 1021 mg/kg of wet weight and lowest belonged to red and golden apples with the amounts of 29.7 and 29.9 mg/kg, respectively. Most of fruits and vegetables samples had lower nitrate than acceptable levels.

  Conclusion: With regards to high consumption rate of some fruits and vegetables and great variation of nitrate concentration, additional investigation and permanent control of their nitrate concentration is necessary.

  Background & objectives: Exact diagnosis of mental disorder is important in psychology. With respect to common symptoms in schizophrenia, schizoaffective and bipolar mood, correct diagnosis of these disorders seems to be very difficult. The main goal of this study was to compare the body temperature of schizophrenic, schizoaffective and bipolar mood patients.

  Method: In this descriptive study, 60 schizophrenia, schizoaffective and bipolar mood patients, 20 persons in each group were selected. The patients were interviewed and their body temperature was measured. Finally, the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA.

  Results: Schizophrenia, schizoaffective, bipolar mood patients had 38.15 ±11.13, 34.8±10.99, and 35.25 ± 9.05 years as a mean, respectively. About 63.3% of individuals had secondary , 15% high school, 16.7% diploma and 5% undergraduate education . About 51.7% of patients had non-governmental job, 8.3% and 40% were employed and jobless, respectively. Among them 45% were single and the rest married. 15% of individuals were admitted once, 25%, twice, 3.3% three times, 20% between 4-10 times and 41.7% frequently. Statistically, there was significant difference between the mean of body temperature in schizophrenia, schizoaffective and bipolar mood patients, (p < 0.001).

  Conclusion: The difference between the body temperature mean in three groups of patients showed that schizoaffective patients were more close to bipolar mood patients, and schizophrenia patients differ in terms of base keeping mean and body temperature balance from two other groups (schizoaffective and bipolar mood).

  Background & Objectives: Using of drugs arbitrarily leads to failure of treatment and causes side effects in prolonged time. The aim of this study was to survey prevalence of arbitrary drug use and the factors affecting it.

  Methods: Three hundred students participated in this cross-sectional and descriptive study in Ardabil (Islamic Azad, Mohhaghegh Ardabili, Payame-Noor and Medical Sciences Universities) during 2010. The samples were selected randomly from four universities and data were collected by questionnaire and then, analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics such as chi-square test.

  Results: The average of students’ age was 20.64±2 years. 23.3% of them were married from whom 92.2% were non-medical students and 7.1% were medical students. 76.7% of all students were single. 83% of all students were using drugs arbitrarily. The highest mean score for student attitude was reflected to safety of used drugs. Lack of time to visit a physician, believing the safety of many drugs and selling of drugs without prescription were the most common causes in arbitrary drug use among students.

  Conclusion: Regarding to the high arbitrary drug use among students, it is necessary to make a new policy for education and correct informing of students in order to reduce self-treatment.

  Background & Objectives: Induced and unhealthy abortion is common condition in the worldwide, particularly in developing countries as Iran which accompanies with maternal mortality and morbidity. The aim of this study was to obtain the prevalence, risk factors and complications of induced abortion.

  Methods : A retrospective study was conducted in 1200 women, who referred to health centers of Ardabil. The eligible participants were included by random sampling. We used a prepared questionnaire with questions on demographic characteristics, pregnancy history and contraception methods. To determine the validity and reliability of questionnaire the content validity and re-test methods were used respectively. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS software (pakage 16) using t-test and chi-square.

  Results: The prevalence of induced abortion was 8.3%. The main reason was represented having desired number of children. Other reasons were economic hardship situation, low pregnancy interval, undesirable fetus gender, parents age, academic education and occupation of mother and increased duration of being married (p<0.0001). The complication of induced abortion were vaginal bleeding (70/5%), bleeding and infection (7/4%), and hospitalization (49/5%).

  Conclusion: According to the results of this research it is expected that authorities and health personnel detect the high risk group of society and present necessary education and individual consultations to more awareness and change their attitude and beliefs on acute complication resulted from induced abortion.