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Background & Objective: Labor pain is one of the most severe pains that mothers experience. Intense pain leads to stress and has unfavorable effects on the mother and fetus. This research was done to determine the effect of using Entonox (N2O) self administration on reducing labor pain in the active phase of labor& delivery, Mode of delivery, and newborn's Apgar score.
Methods: One hundred and twenty primiparous women in 29 Bahman Hospital in Tabriz were included it this randomly single-blind research. In the active phase of delivery, Entonox and Oxygen gases were used. The severity of the mother's pain was asked and was scored according to analogue criterion.
Results: There was a significant difference in frequency of pain intensity in two groups of Entonox and Oxygen. The Mean score of pain intensity in Entonex user, in the first & second stage of labor was 5.93% and 5.82% respectively, while for the oxygen users it was 6.99% and 6.74% which was significant. 41.7% of the mothers in the Entonox group had a severe pain and 11.7% had a very severe pain, whereas in the Oxygen group 58.3% of the mothers had a severe pain and 25% of them had very severe pain (p< 0.001). Meanwhile we found no significant difference between modes of delivery progress of labor and newborn's Apgar
score.
Conclusion: According to research results, Entonox reduces the intensity of labor pain more than oxygen and is effective during the first and second phase of delivery.

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  Background & Objectives: Pregnancy is one of the most sensitive periods of lifetime and married life and sexuality may bring about numerous physical and psychological changes. Lack of attention to sexual matters during pregnancy may cause sexual dysfunction in each of couples. The aim of this study was identifying male sexual behavior and its relevant factors during the partner’s pregnancy.

 Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical study in which 350 men, whose wives were pregnant, were selected in two stratified stages. The instrument for data collection was Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale- male questionnaire. All data were analyzed by SPSS11.5. Descriptive information was used for describing the frequencies and also the x2 test was used for determining relation ship among variables.

 Results: The findings revealed that 21.3% of men in the first trimester, 19.3 in the second and 28.3 in the third trimester had sexual dysfunction. In each trimester, inability to reach orgasm was the most common sexual dysfunction in men. Frequency of vaginal coitus decreased in 64.9% of men and in 46.6 % of them fear from risk for fetus health during vaginal coitus was the essential reason for this reduction. There were significant differences between sexual dysfunction and fear from risk for fetus health and guilt feeling of sexual activity. Therefore decreased vaginal coitus caused sexual dysfunction.

  Conclusion: As men’s knowledge and attitudes about sexuality affect their sexual behavior during pregnancy it is crucial to provide proper consultation regarding sexual relations in prenatal care services.

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  Background & Objectives: Giardia duodenalis is the most common intestinal parasite with cosmopolitan distribution. This parasite has been found in the intestine of humans and other mammalian hosts including cats, dogs, cattle, sheep, deer, pigs and muskrats. It is postulated that animals maybe reservoir for human infection and viceversa. In present study, the possible genetic similarity between cat and humans Giardia and its probable zoonosis were investigated.

  Methods: Direct examination and formalin-ether concentration techniques were performed on stray and semi stray cat fecal specimens. Gradient sucrose method was applied for collection and purification of cysts and DNA extraction was performed by phenol-chloroform and CTAB (Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromid ( methods. DNA of cysts could hardly be extracted after repeated freezing and thawing. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for DNA amplification. In this study triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) gene was selected as a molecular marker. Two sets of primers (PM 290 and PM 924) were considered. Two restriction enzymes RsaI and AvaI were also used to determine restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for PCR fragments amplified by both primer sets.

  Results: Ten samples were positive for Giardia cysts which were examined for molecular investigation. Four cat isolates were amplified by PM 290. PCR-RFLP patterns were found to be similar to human isolates AC≠AF 069556 (subgroup of AC≠U 57897) with possibility of cross-transmission.

  Conclusion: Therefore the similarity of genomic characters of isolates of cat and human Giardia implies possibility of zoonosis and transmission of these protozoa from cat to human and vice versa.

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  Background & objectives: Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite lives and also causes symptoms in urogenital system of human. Trichomoniasis is the widest spread infection which is transmitted through sexual contact and more than 170 million people are a ffected with Trichomonas vaginalis in the world. Trichomonas vaginalis in women causes pelvic inflammatory disease, increase in the risk of fallopian tube dependent infertility, ectopic pregnancy, preterm labor, the birth of low weight infants and the increase in the possibility of HIV transmission. Considering the importance of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnant women and lack of data from Ardabil city, this study was performed to identify this infection in pregnant women referred to health and medical centers of Ardabil city.

  Methods: Vaginal discharge from 500 pregnant women was collected with sterile swap and disposable speculum and examined for Trichomonas vaginalis by direct microscopic examination and cultured in Diamond specific medium. A testimonial and questionnaire were completed for each case and the results analyzed using chi-square test by SPSS statistical software version 19.

  Results: In this study, the culture of samples displayed 12 positive cases (2.4%). Furthermore, Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites were observed in five cases (1%) with direct microscopic examination. Among 12 positive cases, five respondents (41.7%) were in age range of 16-25 years and seven (58.3%) in 26-35 years old. Among different clinical manifestations there was a significant relation between discharge and the infection.

  Conclusion: The present survey confirmed the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnant women of Ardabil city. Therefore, an effective healthcare program by health authorities for prevention of infection in this group seems to be needed.