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Background & Objectives:�Urinary tract infection (UTI) ranges from asymptomatic bacteriuria to severe renal infection with sepsis. Urinary tract infection can cause many complications as abscess, hypertension, renal failure, renal scar, reflux and so on. Since there is no general agreement on the administration of additional fluid (1.5 times maintenance) on the early treatment of UTI on this study was conducted to see the effect of additional fluid. 

Methods:�206 children with UTI who were admitted in Amir Kabir Hospital of Arak from March 2005 to March 2006, were divided into two groups of 103. One group received the usual amount of maintenance fluid and the other 1.5 times of maintenance. The course of resolution of dysuria, frequency, malodorous urine, abdominal pain and fever were compared in the two groups. Patients' urine culture was performed on the second day, 7-10 days, and 90 days after admission. Patients were matched according to their age and sex. Those who presented with azotemia were excluded from the study.

Results: Receiving additional fluid had a significant effect on the malodorous urine dysuria. However, it had an inverse effect on the treatment of fever and urinary frequency and it made them even last longer. In other areas like abdominal pain and urine culture in 3 stages there was no difference.

Conclusion: It seems that intake of excessive amounts of water has no significant effect on the results of the UTI treatment.

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  Background and objectives: Common cold is the most common disease in children. Young children have an average of 6 to 7 colds each year. Some complications of common cold include: secondary bacterial infections, school absence and excessive cost for treatment. The management of the common cold consists primarily of symptomatic treatment. An effective and safe drug is needed to reduce the duration of common cold ۥ s symptoms in children and reduce subsequent complications. In some studies zinc sulfate has showed an antiviral effect and immune enhancing activity. Therefore this study designed to evaluate the efficacy of zinc sulfate in duration of cold ۥ s symptoms in children.

  Methods: This was a clinical trial study. The subjects were children between 1 - 7 years old with common cold that attended to pediatrics clinic of Arak Amir Kabir Hospital. The study included 112 patients randomized in two groups. One group received zinc sulfate within 10 days and other group didn’t receive this drug. Using a researcher made questionnaire duration of symptoms: rhinorhea and nasal obstruction, cough, sneezing, fever and duration of illness, in both groups were evaluated.

  Results: Consumption of zinc sulfate significantly reduced the mean duration of rhinorhea and nasal obstruction in children with common cold (p < 0.05). Also the mean duration of cough in zinc group was lower than the control group (p < 0.05). Compared to the group that didn’t receive zinc sulfate, the zinc group had shorter mean duration of sneezing (p < 0.05). Also the mean duration of fever in zinc group was shorter than the other group (p < 0.05). The mean duration of illness in patients who had received the zinc sulfate was significantly less than the other group (p <0.05). No side effect was observed in subjects received zinc sulfate.

  Conclusion: According to the results zinc sulfate can be administered with other supportive treatments of common cold, for reduction of symptoms duration and complications in children.

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  Background &Objectives: Antiemetic drugs can be used in complicated cases of vomiting secondary to gastroenteritis. There is no previous study dealing with the use of pyridoxine in treatment of vomiting in pediatrics. This Studyintendsto review the effects of intravenous pyridoxine on control of gastroenteritis related vomiting.

  Methods: This study is a single blind randomized clinical trial with placebo. A total number of 147 children diagnosed with gastroenteritis induced vomiting and admitted in Amirkabir hospital from August to December 2011 were studied and divided to two case andcontrol groups. In the control group intravenous fluid with distilled water (placebo) was used and the pyridoxine was given along with intravenous fluid therapy in case group. Since admission for three days, numbers of vomiting and other symptoms were collected in data form. Results were analyzed using SPSS-16 by means of descriptive analysis for basic information.

  Results: Most children were male, aged between 6 months and 2 years and having urban life. There was no significant difference between two groups in the mean of vomiting frequency during the period of hospitalization ( p>0.05 ). T here was also no significant difference between two groups in duration of hospitalization ( p=0.19).

  Conclusion: Based on this study pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) was not effective in treatment of vomiting due to gastroenteritis in children, and did not reduce the duration of hospitalization.

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  Background &objections: Migraine is the second most common cause of headache in15% of women and 6% of men. Migraine headaches areperiodic and usually with unilateral and throbbing quality,and often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, phonophobia, photophobia and malaise. Approximately 15-20% of migraine attacks start with visual aura or other neurological symptoms. So far there isn’t accurate and practical diagnostic test for this patients and diagnosis is based on clinical features and other causes. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of visual evoked potential (VEP) in patients with common and classic migraines and t effects on the electrophysiology of visual system and understanding pathophysiology in neurological symptoms.

  Methods: In this study, 44 migraine patients, including 28 patients with common and 16 patients with classical migraines admitted to neurology private clinics from January to June 2013 in Alavi hospital of Ardabil city and16 healthy volunteers (control group) were used. Mean wave, P100 Latency and P100-N140 Amplitude were compared and determined between three groups.

  Results: The mean latency of P100 migraine group was significantly higher than healthy people. Average P100-N140 amplitude of migraine group was fewer than the control group, and the mean P100-N140 amplitude was more common than classical group.

  Conclusions: Despite differences in results of VEP tests, VEP can be used as an adjuvant test in the diagnosis of migraine, as well as a confirmation for distinguishing common and classical migraine and can be used as a tool in determining the severity of migraine and/or a parameter for its electrophysiological effects. However, more detailed studies are needed in this area .

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Background & objectives: Construction of new service centers including hospitals is expensive and requires optimal site selection for these centers so that all citizens benefit from its increased productivity. It can also help them lower their costs. This study investigates the optimal locations for construction of hospitals in Ardabil using GIS software.

Methods: This is an applied research which incorporates a descriptive-analytic methodology. The data is made up of 11 criteria; proximity to densely populated areas, proximity to green space, closeness to main thoroughfares, proximity to fire departments and distance from existing hospitals, industrial centers, slopes, learning centers, cemetery, military bases and from sport facilities. They were all weighted using analytic network process (ANP) model.

Results: After performing the necessary calculations and evaluations, the highest and lowest weight of criteria belonged to the proximity to densely populated areas (0.229) and distance from the cemetery (0.033), respectively. According to the criteria weights and overlapping of layers, the most and least favorable locations for the establishment of hospitals were identified.

Conclusion: Results of the classification showed the best location for construction of hospitals in Ardabil city based on four municipal regions. In region one it belongs to the 8^th, 5^th, 2^nd, and 11^th districts in region two districts of 6 and 7 which cover southeastern edge of the city, in region 3 districts of 1, 2, 6, 7, 8 and 10 which contain the western part of the city, and in region four it belongs to districts of 1, 2, 6, 7, 10 and 11 that encompass the blocks in the northern and north-western route of the city. These regions can be used for construction of new hospitals in order to improve people’s access to healthcare services.

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Background & objectives: In many medical studies, the response variable is measured repeatedly over time to evaluate the treatment effect that is known as longitudinal study. The analysis method for this type of data is repeated measures ANOVA that uses only one correlation structure and the results are not valid with inappropriate correlation structure. To avoid this problem, a convenient alternative is mixed models. So, the aim of this study was to compare of mixed and repeated measurement models for examination of the Entonox effect on the labor pain.

Methods: This experimental study was designed to compare the effect of Entonox and oxygen inhalation on pain relief between two groups. Data were analyzed using repeated measurement and mixed models with different correlation structures. Selection and comparison of proper correlation structures performed using Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion and restricted log-likelihood. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22.

Results: Results of our study showed that all variables containing analgesia methods, labor duration of the first and second stages, and time were significant in these tests. In mixed model, heterogeneous first-order autoregressive, first-order autoregressive, heterogeneous Toeplitz and unstructured correlation structures were recognized as the best structures. Also, all variables were significant in these structures. Unstructured variance covariance matrix was recognized as the worst structure and labor duration of the first and second stages was not significant in this structure.

Conclusions: This study showed that the Entonox inhalation has a significant effect on pain relief in primiparous and it is confirmed by all of the models.

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Introduction & objectives: Cannabis extract is an important psychoactive substance that have used by people around the world. Due to the diverse effects of cannabis on brain cells, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of cannabis extract on the growth of SH-SY5Y neurons.
Methods: In this experimental study, SH-SY5Y cells were prepared from Pasteur Institute of Iran and then incubated in DMEM, supplemented with  10% fetal bovine serum ,embryo-L glutamine, penicillin and streptomycin at 37^oC and 5% CO₂. following cell proliferation, the cells in the fourth passage were divided into control and experimental groups which were treated with cannabis at concentrations of 100 and1000 ng/ml. during  1 to 9 days, SH-SY5Y cells growth was calculated by flow cytometry using PDT= T× formula.
 
Results: SH-SY5Y cells adhered to the bottom of the flask 24 hours after transfer to the cell culture flask. These cells were initially spherical and after 24 hours become spindle. The results of cell count test on days 1 to 6 showed the growth of cannabis-treated cells similar to the control group, but from the sixth day, in the cannabis extract treated groups, a significant reduction in cell growth was observed at the level of p<0.05 compared to the control group.
Conclusion: The results showed that SH-SY5Y cells in the culture medium were spherically shaped, similar to fibroblast cells, and the based on the results of cell count, it was determined that cannabis inhibits the growth of these cells.