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  Background & Objective : Failure To Thrive (FTT) refers to the insufficient physical growth or inability in keeping the desired growth rate in a period to time.

  It is a problem in Iran as far as hygienic nutrition is concerned. FTT is a multifactor problem which is caused by various organic and nonorganic agents. This study was conducted to pinpoint the major risk factors involved in the growth of children under 2 years of age who are the most vulnerable age-group in terms of growth disorders.

  Methods: This case-control study was conducted in 2002-2003 on 120 infants (60 cases with FTT and 60 controls) in Namin health centers. The case group was under the third percentage of their growth chart or they had -2SD in growth chart at least in three months. The control group was composed of infants with normal growth chart.

  The demographic characteristics of parents, and the nutritional and antropometric (height/weight, head circumference) characteristics of the subjects were measured. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software, using chi-square and ANOVA.

  Results: The findings indicated higher frequency of respiratory infections, diarrhea and vomiting in case group (p<0.05). The control group, on the other hand, outnumbered the case group in terms of the number of infants under 6 months who were exclusively breast-fed (p<0.05). Most of the infants with FTT had a lower birth weight than control group (p<0.05). The number of mothers with lower level of education and those who were housewives and also the number of family members were significantly higher in case group than control group (p< 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between two groups in terms of frequency of breast feeding and birth rank.

  Conclusions : The results indicated that some risk factors such as respiratory infections, birth weight, education, mother ُ s knowledge, exclusive breast feeding and the frequency of diarrhea and vomiting have far more important role in growth disturbances in children compared to factors such as frequency of breasr feeding and birth rank.

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 Background and objectives: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting are the most important complications for cancer patients. Ginger is an effective herbal drug for the treatment of nausea and vomiting. It hasn’t any known side effects. In some countries, it is used for making of antiemetic drugs. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ginger on the intensity of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in cancer patients .

 Method: This study is a randomized, cross-over, double – blinded, clinical trial that was done on 44 cancer patients undergone chemotherapy. In the first cycle of the study, patients were assigned by four block random allocation to receive one of the antiemetic regimens regimen A (routine and 1gr ginger) and regimen B (routine and 1gr placebo). After 28 days, in the next cycle of chemotherapy, another regimen was administrated A or B plus chemotherapy drugs., the severity of the nausea and vomiting was measured in 4h (1, 2, 3, 4) after second dose and at the end of the 24h after receiving the first dose by using VAS and kortila tools .The data were analyzed by independent student t - test and non-parametric test (Mann-Whitney U test) by using SPSS, version 16 software .

 Results: The results showed that the frequencies of nausea and vomiting in two regimen groups weren’t different, but nausea score was significantly decreased in ginger group, compared to placebo. Independent student t - test and Mann-Whitney U test also revealed a significant difference on nausea scores in 3rd and 24th hour post chemotherapy (p=0.06, p=0.01, respectively).

 Conclusion: In respect to low nausea score in ginger regimen, compared to placebo, it seems ginger using is a safe and simple method and it can be used as antiemetic drugs in patient undergoing chemotherapy

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Background & objectives: Chlamydia trachomatis is a gram negative bacterium and chlamydia infection, as a curable infection, is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STD). With regard to the essential role of chlamydia in infertility, the study of the prevalence of asymptomatic cases is precious. The aim of this study was to determine of the prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical samples in infertile women with PCR method.
Methods: In this cross sectional descriptive-analytical study, a total of 135 women between 20-40 years old with chief complaint of infertility that referred to Alzahra-Rasht hospital and private clinics were randomly selected. The endocervical specimen was prepared using a sterile swab and was transferred to the laboratory in PBS for performing PCR. . The results of PCR and collected data from checklists were statistically analyzed using SPSS16.
Results: Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in 19.3% of infertile women. There were no statistically significant differences between PCR results and the patient's age, type of infertility, obstruction in salpingography, family history and duration of infertility.
Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that chlamydia infection has a high prevalence and in order to reduce the complications of this disease, screening tests can be used as a   part of the country's health programs.
 

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Background & objectives: Research on intelligent nanomaterials that accelerate the process of nerve regeneration and treatment by different methods such as antioxidant effects, stimulation of nerve cell proliferation, modulation of the immune system and inflammatory factors is great importance. The aim of this study was to prepare cinnamon-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles and evaluate its antioxidant and cytotoxicity effects on PC12 cell line.
Methods: Cinnamon-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles were prepared and their structural properties were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To evaluate the antioxidant properties of the compounds, free radical trapping methods 2 and 2 diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl were used. Cell viability in the presence of compounds was measured by a toxicity test (MTT) [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test.
Results: FTIR spectra and TEM images showed the processing of nanoparticles with an average size of less than 100 nm with cinnamon coating on their surface. Also, the antioxidant capacity of cinnamon-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles was significantly higher (*p<0.038) than extracts and nanoparticles alone at similar concentrations. Evaluation the results of cytotoxicity showed that the lowest toxicity was observed in the cinnamon-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles group.
Conclusion: Results showed higher antioxidant properties and low cytotoxic effects of cinnamon-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles compared to other groups, which leads to better efficacy, proliferation, longer cell survival, its green synthesis and coverage by cinnamon

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Candida albicans is the most common cause of invasive candidiasis, but in recent years the incidence of infections caused by other species such as Candida Kruzei, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis and Candida lusitania has increased. In the last decade, the treatment methods for invasive candidiasis have changed completely, and a successful treatment depends on the timely start of treatment, the selection of an effective drug, and the lack of resistance of the fungus to that particular drug. On the other hand, the widespread use of immunosuppressive drugs as well as organ transplants has all caused widespread problems in the treatment of invasive candidiasis. Together, these observations highlight a rationale for the immediate development of new immunotherapy methods to enhance antifungal therapy in immunocompromised hosts. The past decade has seen great advances in our understanding of fungal immunobiology, leading to a number of new molecular and cellular immunotherapy methods for invasive fungal infections. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the common and new antifungal drugs in the treatment of invasive candidiasis and to discuss the role of immunotherapy in better prevention and control of the disease.