---

 
Background & objectives: Immunosuppressive drugs that are used for decreasing risk of acute rejection and renal graft loss can lead to reactivation of latent viruses for example BKV and JCV in either renal allograft or recipients. These viruses can lead to renal graft loss. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality and quantity of the genome of these two viruses in the renal recipients’ plasmas for early detection.
Methods: In this retrospective descriptive study, at first, DNA extraction test was   performed on 102 plasma samples of renal allograft recipients. And then, BKV and JCV DNAs were detected and quantified by Real-Time PCR.
Results: Fifty four (52.94%) BKV DNA positive and 26 (25.50%) JCV DNA positive were found in 102 recipient plasma samples. Linear range of measurements for BKV and JCV DNAs were within the range of 10⁷-0.596 copies/ µl and 10⁷-0.528 copies/ µl respectively. After calculation of genes amounts based on copy/ml in the plasmas, numbers and percent of positive cases were highlighted in the four categories. BKV and JCV DNA (Co-infection) were detected in 22 (21.56%) plasma samples.
Conclusion: Real-time PCR is a quantitative and qualitative PCR method that can detect genome of any type of organisms and their amounts (even in trace amounts), so using of this method is very important for early detection of viruses which can cause diseases and graft rejection in renal transplant recipients.
 

---

Background & objectives: Due to the increasing prevalence of bacterial resistance, there is a growing attention to application of auxiliary treatment of pharyngitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of honey throat spray in the auxiliary treatment of patients with a diagnosis of pharyngitis.
Methods: At the start, different physicochemical quality parameters of the honey sample were evaluated. Then, the bottles of honey and the placebo throat spray were prepared. The numbers of 70 patients with the diagnosis of pharyngitis were included in a one-step and double-blinded study. In addition to standard treatment, each patient received either one of the honey or placebo throat spray. The clinical symptoms of the patients were compared between the two groups at baseline and then at 24 hours, 48 hours, 5 days and 10 days after the starting the treatment procedure.
Results: As per results, the quality of honey sample was met to the standard honey criteria. The treatment and placebo groups were statistically similar in terms of demographic specifications or clinical symptoms at the time to enter the study. Pharyngitis recovery was better in treatment group than in the placebo group; this positive effect was statistically significant for symptoms of morning phlegm and painful swallowing, 24 hours after the starting treatment. In treatment group, after 48 hours, symptoms of fever and painful swallowing were resolved, while this indicator was 23% in placebo group. Also, throat pain of 85.71% of patients in treatment group and 17.14% of patients in placebo group was relieved. Overall, the mean recovery time in treatment group was shorter than placebo group.
Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the use of honey throat spray as auxiliary treatment of pharyngitis can improve the clinical symptoms of pharyngitis and reduce recovery time.