Background and Objectives: Leishmanin skin test (Montenegro test) is a best indicator for evaluation of delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and cell-mediated immunity in leishmaniasis. A standard antigen is needed for this test. In this research, several batches of leishmanin antigen were produced under standard conditions, and their immunogenicity, specificity, sensitivity and potency were evaluated.

  Methods: In order to produce leishmanin, standard strain of Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) was cultured in equal volume of�liquid medium of D-MEM and Tc Medium 199 in large scale. Parasites from stationary phase of growth were harvested and washed under strict standard conditions and used for preparation of leishmanin. Immunogenicity of prepared antigen was tested by skin testing in pre-immunized guinea pigs. Specificity of the reagent and abnormal sensitization were evaluated by skin testing in healthy individuals in non-endemic areas of Tehran and Tabriz. Sensitivity and potency of leishmanin reagent were evaluated by skin testing in recovered individuals from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in endemic areas of rural and urban areas.

  Results: The findings indicated the productions of leishmanin are sterile and safe with high immunogenicity. Specificity of the products was shown to be higher than 99% with no abnormal sensitization to reagent. Sensitivity and potency of preparations were determined > 96% with mean induration between 15-18 mm in endemic areas of rural CL, and > 93% with mean reactivity of 12-14 mm in endemic areas of urban CL.

  Conclusion: The findings indicated that this product is safe and sterile with high immunogenicity, specificity, sensitivity and potency and has no abnormal sensitization. These products which are easily available inside the country could be used easily for skin testing and detection of delayed-type hypersensitivity response in leishmaniasis.

  Backgrond & Objectives: Perioperartive shivering is a common complication which interferes with monitoring of patients and it increases oxygen consumption (up to 500%) which can be life-threating in patients with a low cardio pulmonary reserve. This study compared the efficiency and complications of two perioperative antishivering drugs. (Tramadol and Meperidine).

  Methods: All of the 70 patients under went cesarean section with spinal Anesthesia, were categorized in two groups of 35 persons, and treated as clinical trial, double blind with tramadol and meperidine. Then they were compared in terms of the interval between administration of drugs and stoping of shivering and their complications.

  Results : The mean age in patient were 27 years, youngest one was 17 and the oldest was 39 years. The average interval of stopping of shivering during tramadol using (2.57 min) is less than meperidine (6.24 min). The frequency of nausea and vomiting in meperidine group was more than that of the tramadol group. Regarding the incidence of pruritus and sedation after using of drug in both groups, there was no considerable difference between them. Respiratory and pulse rate changes, and decreasing of arterial oxygen saturation in post injection period to preinjection period of meperidine, didn't show any significant changes. In systolic and diastolic blood pressure changes, there was no significant change in both groups.

  Conclusion: Perioperative shivering treatment by tramadol is better than meperidine because of its faster onset of stopping of shivering and its low complications in cesarean section with spinal anesthesia.

 Background and objectives: Every organization which is a provider of service or a product is always responsible for seeking clients^, comments as feedbacks so to identify the shortcomings and on the basis of their comments, plans can go through the growth and improvement. The present study, from the view of client tendency, is aimed at measuring the rate of Ardabil University of Medical sciences students’ satisfaction with the practices of faculties, educational management, student-cultural management and the counseling unit.

 Methods: In this descriptive study, 705 students from all faculties were questioned. The main instrument for data collection was a questionnaire in which, in order to assure the adequacy of the concept in, measurement, content validity was used and it was applied according to the comments of some instructors. To confirm the reliability of the questionnaire, 10 subjects were chosen and the questionnaires were distributed and then collected. After 15 days of interval from the first administration, the readministration on the same group was done and the reliability of the test became 0.86 using Alpha cronbach. The data in the first stage were investigated through descriptive statistical methods SPSS 13 and in the next stage in order to determine the difference between group comments, the independent T-Test and ANOVA were used.

 Results: None of the units of the university got scores above average and the two units of education in the faculties and education management got an average score from student satisfaction and the mean of other units was below average. Native students of the university were more satisfied with the faculties and educational management whereas the mean of nonnative students^, satisfaction was higher in student-cultural management and the counseling center.

 Conclusion: Student dissatisfaction with the func? of student-cultural management and the counseling unit is a shortcoming which requires the people in charge to take necessary measures to improve the quality of affairs.

  Background and objective: Injuries account for 16% of global burden of diseases and causes a great deal of mortality and morbidity. Today, amputation is one of the biggest challenges facing us and may accompany serious functional, psychosocial and personality disorders in communities. Therefore, we decided to assess the causes and types of traumatic amputation in patients referring Ardabil’s Fatemi Educational Hospital from 2005 through 2006.

  Methods and materials: The present study was descriptively & analytically) retrospective in which the data were collected using a questionnaire. Our study population included 218 cases referring Ardabil Fatima educational Hospital for amputation from the beginning of 2005 through the end of 2006.

  Results: In this study, the mean age of injured cases is 28.9±19.1 and men were also injured three times more than women. Most of the cases attended in summer between 8:00 Am -8:00 Pm. The number of cases among city dwellers and residents of rural areas were almost equal and most of the cases (39/6%) were illiterate. Most of the cases were injured outdoors especially in their workplace. The most commonly seen cause of amputation was tools used in farming and husbandry especially mower. Most of the amputations (50/5%) were total and unintentional (99.5%). Most of the injuries were seen in upper extremities (94.5%), hands and especially fingers (97%)�

  conclusion: Based on the obtained results, male workers are at a higher risk. Most of the injuries occurred during the work hours and amputation caused by tools used in farming and husbandry has a high prevalence. This is probably due to the unsafe and old structure of these tools.

Background & objectives: One of the most proven trajectories for analyzing the drug consumption patterns in the community is to assess the prescriptions. Using the antibiotics for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases not only leads to the loss of pathogens but also causes various complications, the most important of which is the drug resistance. The aim of current study was investigating the different antibiotics prescript by general practitioners (GPs) for outpatients in Ardabil city.

Methods: This study is designed based on the cross-sectional method. The number of 2,000 copies (according to Morgan) from total of 526000 copies sent to Ardabil health insurance during the 4 seasons of 2013 were randomly evaluated. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, ANOVA and T-Test using spss software. The P ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: In this study the average drug per prescription was 3.6 and 54.9% of the prescriptions included antibiotics so that the cefixime, azithromycin, Co-amoxiclave and penicillin 6.3.3 were the most frequently prescribed antibiotics, respectively. The highest prescriptions belonged to penicillins (39.4%) cephalosporins (27.7%) and macrolides (18.3%). The most expensive antibiotic was cefixime tablet (32% of the total cost). The most of the antibiotics were prescribed to be taken orally (tablets or capsules). The mean price of each prescription was 74539±71050 Rials. The highest rate of antibiotic prescription was related to the autumn and then winter and there was a significant relationship between the the number of antibiotics in different seasons of the year (p = 0.005).

Conclusion: The average drugs of each prescription are in accordance with local statistics, but much higher than the global figures. The frequency of antibiotics prescription was higher than the global, several Middle Eastern and even African countries’ indices but was lower than the average level of some regions in the country. The pattern of prescribing antibiotics among the Ardabil GPs shows the more drugs in number and expensive broad-spectrum. The average price of prescripts was higher than the national average. These findings suggest that prescription and using antibiotics is not desirable in Ardabil.