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  Background and Objectives: The importance of considering to job stress among women is not related to loss of economics alone, but it makes an unsafe condition in health of body and soul of person, family and society, too. This study was aimed to determine the rate of job stress among employed women in Ardebil during 2010.

  Methods: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, 1250 governmental-employed women were selected in different offices of Ardabil city. Data were collected by job-contained Karasek questionnaire and results were analyzed by chi-square test.

  Results: The results showed that 62.8% of women experienced medium level of stress and 36.5% revealed to have severe stress. Our findings significantly showed that there are relationship between stress rate of individuals with number of children, level of education, place of living, job experience, rate of work hours per day and night work shift, employment status, physical and mental diseases (p <0.05 ( .

  Conclusion: With respect to severe stress found in employed women in study setting, it seems to need to increase mental health indices in individuals, families and community, and the authorities should develop a comprehensive plan to enhance productivity and satisfaction among employees.

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  Background & Objectives: Urinary stone disease is one of the common urinary tract complications that can lead to renal failure. It occurs usually in middle-aged and older men The aim of this study was to determine the association between types of urinary stones and risk factors for urinary stone formation in patients referred to Ardabil therapeutic centers.

  Methods : In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 150 patients with urinary stone were followed from March 2008 to July 2009 in therapeutic centers of Ardabil.

  Data were collected by a questionnaire include demographic factors such as age, gender, body mass index (BMI), Job and Habitation place. Data were analyzed by chi-square test and ANOVA in SPSS 16 software. The level of significance was p<0.05.

  Results: 116 of patients (77.3%) had calcium oxalate stone, 15 of patients (10%) had phosphate calcium stone, 10 of patients (6.7%) had acid uric and 9 of patients (6%) had phosphate ammonium stone. The mean age of patients was 41.90 + 14.41 years (48% of patients were 30-50 years old) and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 25.81+3.66. 91 of patients (60.66%) were male and 59 (39.4%) of them were female. There was no significant difference between types of urinary stones and factors including BMI the job of patient, (p=0.252), habitation place (p=0.173), history of previous illness (p=0.207) and history of drug use (p=0.247).

  Conclusion: The most common type of urinary stones was calcium oxalate (77.3%) in both men and women however ammonium phosphate (6%) is much less common.

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Background & objectives: Depression and perceived stress are considered among the most common symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Dialectical behavior therapy was presented as one of the most effective treatment of many disorders in the past decade. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of dialectical group behavior therapy on perceived stress and depression in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome.

Methods: The research method was an experimental pretest-posttest control group design with random assignment). Of all the patients referred to medical centers in Tabriz during 1393 SH, 30 patients selected with irritable bowel syndrome and Rome-III diagnostic criteria after using the interview, completed perceived stress questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory. The subjects were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (n=15 per group). After completing dialectical behavior therapy in the experimental group, the questionnaire was administered in both groups. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis with SPSS-20 software.

Results: Dialectical group behavior therapy was significantly effective in reducing perceived stress (p= 0.004, F= 9.91) and depression (p= 0.005, F= 9.60) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome in experimental group, so that after the intervention the perceived stress and depression scores decreased in experimental group.

Conclusion: It seems that dialectical behavior therapy is effective in reducing perceived stress and depression in patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome and can be helpful in improving the symptoms of perceived stress and depression in these patients.

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Background & objectives: Visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease and is considered as the most important disease in dogs. The disease has been reported in North West and South of the country, in Iran. In addition to stray dogs, some apparently healthy dogs can be contaminated without showing any sign or symptoms in this area. In the present study, canine visceral leishmaniasis was investigated in dogs lacking clinical signs in Meshkinshahr city in Ardabil, Iran.

Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey conducted during 2011-2014. A total of 110 serum samples collected from dogs either having or lacking clinical signs and tested by direct agglutination test (DAT) assay. Then 10 dogs (41.6%) showing clinical signs and 15 dogs (17.4%) without any symptoms were autopsied and their spleens were sampled. The samples were used for smear preparation and culturing.

Results: Based on the results, among 24 dogs with clinical signs 20 cases (83.3%) and of 86 dogs without signs, 16 cases (18.6%) found to be positive. On the other hand, smear and culture results were found to be positive in 100% and 60% of dogs with and without clinical signs, respectively. The interesting and impressive results of this study was that the dogs with symptoms but negative DAT and asymptomatic dogs with negative DAT were positive in parasitological tests.

Conclusion: This proves that asymptomatic dogs like symptomatic dogs can be effective in L. infantum infection and is able to maintain the transmission of the disease in endemic areas. On the other hand, a number of symptomatic dogs with negative anti-leishmania antibodies were positive in parasitological tests. Thus, this study also shows that although DAT is effective in determining asymptomatic dogs and canine visceral leishmaniosis control programs but it does not seem to be satisfying in endemic areas such as Meshkin-shahr. Thus in endemic areas, it is recommended that the low antibody titer should be considered.

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Background & objectives: Third molar impaction (wisdom tooth) is a widespread phenomenon. It is indeed very important to study the impacted teeth pattern in the community since it will help to develop an appropriate treatment plan for individuals of the community. The aim of this study was to investigate the impaction pattern of mandibular third molar in Ardabil population.
Methods: In this study, the panoramic radiography of 382 patients referred to the Ardabil Dental Clinic, ranging 18-40 years old that had a couple of third molar teeth were investigated. The radiographs were investigated to collect data corresponding to depth-of-impaction, the distance between the canal and inferior alveolar, number of roots, shape and connection between the roots as well as the damages to neighboring structure. The collected data were coded to be analyzed through Chi-square and t- test in SPSS software.
Results: Among the cases, 42.4% and 57.6% of the subjects were male and female respectively. There is no significant difference between men and women for number of roots and the connection between them, whereas noticeable differences between men and women were observed for depth of impaction, distance from Inferior alveolar canal, the shape of the roots and damage to neighboring structures.
Conclusion: The results suggest that most of the cases had vertical angulation, regarding depth of impaction, most of the teeth were categorized in Class-B, regarding distance from Inferior alveolar, and most of the cases were in the vicinity of the canal and had two separate canals. Regarding damage to neighboring structures, most of the cases were categorized as a radiographic bone loss