Background & Objective: It is now clear that the adult mammalian subventricular zone (SVZ) contains a population of neural stem cells (NSCs) that give rise to neurons and glia. Owing to their rarity, and a paucity of NSC-specific markers, the neurospher assay (NSA) is a common and selective method for isolating and understanding the biology of embryonic and adult neural stem cells. There are different methods for neurosphere growing from different regions of the CNS including Lateral ventricles. The objective of this study is introducing a new and effective strategy for more neurosphere firming from the SVZ of the adult mouse brain lateral ventricle using NSA.

 Methods: Two different methods were used in order to isolate and culture the SVZ of the lateral ventricles using NSA. In the first method (Ritze and Reynolds method) the rostral part of the SVZ of the lateral ventricles was dissected into single cell suspension and cultured using NSA. In the second method (vibratome resecting of the brain) after cutting the brain into 400 µm serial sections using a vibratom, the SVZ was microdissected from all sections of rostral part of lateral ventricle and cultured separately, using NSA. Primary neurospheres were counted seven days after plating. Then the mean numbers of neurospheres generated in two different methods were compared.

 Results: The mean number of neurospheres generated by sectioning method was much higher than the one generated using first method (P<0.0001). The distribution and frequency of neurosphere forming cells (or NSCs) is not the same along the antero-posterior axis of the rostral part of the lateral ventricle. The greatest frequency of neurosphere forming cells was detected in 0.74mm rostral to the bregma.

 Conclusion: Second section method, due to more neurosphere generation, in comparison with the first method is more appropriate and efficient for neurosphere forming from the SVZ of the lateral ventricle.

  Background & Objectives: Anatomical reconstruction of articular surface and restoration of walking ability without pain are the main goals of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture management, but treatment results are not always satisfied. This paper focused on comparison between open reduction and internal fixation using: A) auto graft B) bone cement, in patients with displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture.

  Methods : This prospective comparative study of 44 patients with displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Patients had been divided into 2 groups and then, they were operated by the standard protocol, including lateral approach, open reduction and internal fixation with reconstruction plate. Posterior facet was supported by autogenous bone graft in the first group (BG) and it was strengthened by bone cement in the second group (BC). Patients were followed up from the point of view of following surgical complications: 1- superficial infection, 2- wound dehiscence, 3- incisional site skin necrosis, 4- Sural nerve paresthesia, 5- osteomyelitis. Functional outcome were evaluated using calcaneal fracture scoring system and ankle-hind foot scaling system of AOFAS. The gathered data was analyzed in SPSS 16 software.

  Results : Of 44 included patients, 36 were male (81.8%) and eight were female (18.2%). The mean of age was 44.25± 11.34 (range: 16-69 yrs), and the mean of follow-up duration was 13.27±2.71 months (range: 9-18 months). The mean of operation time in second group (BC) (41.82min) was significantly lower than first group (BG), (p<0.001). Five patients (23%) from first group (BG) and only one patient (5%) from the second group (BC) showed surgical complications (p=0.079). There was no significant difference between the average score evaluated by calcaneal fracture scoring system and the average scale indicated by ankle-hind foot scaling system.

  Conclusion : Instead of autogenous bone graft, the use of bone cement decreases the duration of operation time and it seems to lead in less complications.

  Background & Objectives: Over 150 different surgical techniques for treatment of anterior shoulder instability has been suggested that there is no consensus in the orthopedics. This study seeks to compare treatment outcomes of arthroscopic Bankart lesion repair methods with Bristow - Latarjet open surgical technique in patients with anterior shoulder instability.

  Methods: In this cross-sectional study all patients with recurrent shoulder dislocation from 2009-2011 was divided into two groups, arthroscopic Bankart treatment (28 cases) and open Bristow - Latarjet (26 cases) that all were treated by one orthopedic surgeon. Patients were visited in 2,4,6,8 weeks also in the third and sixth month post-op .The visual analog scale (VAS) for patient satisfaction and Walsch-duplay and Rowe score for functional outcomes of treatment were used in six months follow up. These three criteria were analyzed again after recalling the patients.

  Results: Mean age of 54 patients was 29.46±9.16 years and mean follow-up duration was 23.28 ± 6.2 months. Scores of patients in both groups were not statistically different after analyzing the functional outcomes of treatment by Walsch-duplay and Rowe score after six months and final follow-up. Scores of patients by Walsch-duplay measurement in arthroscopic Bankart and Bristow-Latarjet groups were 98.03±4.37 and 97.88±4.51 respectively and by Rowe index were 97.32±5.52 vs. 97.88±4.51at final follow-up. No recurrence was observed in both groups in final follow up. Patient satisfaction in Bankart and operation groups were 9.4 ±0.68 and 9.47±0.58 (p= 0.69).

  Conclusion: In anterior shoulder instability, minimally invasive Arthroscopic Bankart procedures almost equal to open Bristow-Latarjet method with regards to shoulder stability, recurrence rate, and range of motion.