Background & Objective : Malignant skin tumors are highly prevalent cancers all over the world. Iran can be regarded as an area in which skin malignancies are so common because of severe sunlight, and occupational requirements of farmers with long exposure to sunlight. This study was an attempt to evaluate the frequency of malignant skin tumors in Urmia.

  Methods : In this descriptive and retrospective study 61496 pathological reports collected from pathology centers in Urmia between March 1991 and March 2001 were examined. Among these reports, 1099 cases with skin malignancies (including BCC, SCC and CMM) were identified and classified based on factors such as age, sex, job, the location of lesion and patient ’ s, residential area. In order to accomplish the incomplete data, the researchers referred to cancer registry center in health deputy of the province.

  Results : Among 1099 cases, 1076 patients (97.9%) had solitary lesion and 23 cases (2.1%) had multiple lesions. The ratio of male to female is 1.7:1 in all skin tumors. Most patients were farmers (28.02%). BCC was mainly observed on nose (26.2%), SCC was around mouth (36.78%) and CMM was mostly in extremities (45.09%). BCC was mostly on upper half of the face and SCC on the lower half. Most patients age ranged from 60 to 69 years. BCC was the most common histopathological type of tumors (71.62 %). 52.61% of patients lived in Urmia and the rest were from other cities. Comparing the first and second 5-Year periods of this research indicated a 25% increase in the frequency of tumors.

 Conclusions: According to the increased incidence of malignant skin tumors in this area some measures should be taken to prevent this disease, reduce the risk factors and diagnose these tumors earlier.

  Paraplegia can be caused by different factors like rupture or repair of the aortic aneurysm or aortic thrombosis, aortic dissection, anterior spinal cord artery emboli, coagulation disorders and lupus disease, all of which cause impaired spinal cord blood flow and spinal cord ischemia. In addition, hypotension may be the cause of spinal cord infarction but Medline researches have reported a few cases of spinal cord infarction in patients laparotomized for the reasons other than aortic lesions. In this paper we report one case of paraplegia who had experienced spinal infarction and paraplegia after internal bleeding and two times laparatomies due to long lasting hypotension. In this case regarding the patient ’ s age, occupation and physical health, the possibility of cardiovascular lesions and consequent thromboembolism seems very unlikely. Furthermore, considering the two operations performed and the temporal space between them, the only factor that could have led to ischemia and infarction of the spinal cord in this patient is long-standing hypotension.

  Background & Objectives: Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is mainly due to the obstruction of blood vessels with fat globules, reached to circulation. FES is associated with traumatic and non traumatic diseases. The prevalence is 2-5% in long-bone fractures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate manifestations, laboratory findings and the diagnosed cases of fat embolism.

 Methods: In this retrospective study all the patient records associated with injury were evaluated and those diagnosed with the traumatic fat embolism were selected. The data including sex, age, type of fracture, clinical and laboratory findings and symptom onset time were collected using a questionnaire. These data were then statistically analyzed.

 Results: 17 out of 1660 patients were found to have fat embolism most of which belonged to middle-aged men. The most common clinical features consisted of: respiratory failure, tachycardia and consciousness level alterations. Fat embolism was mainly associated with tibial and femoral shaft fractures. Low level of Pao₂ (Pao₂<60) is the most reliable laboratory test in this study.

 Conclusion: Fat embolism should be regarded as a threarening factor in patients (especially middle-aged ones) with fractures in long bons of lower limbs. Pao₂ Level of can also be used as a reliable laboratory finding.

 Background and Objectives: Perception and Feeling are two parts of each sensory experience. Sensory reception of information proceeding about internal or external environment is conducted by sensory root. Humans inform themselves of their surrounding by receiving and organizing sensory stimulants. This conception and stimulant organization is called sensory reception. When a help seeker is admitted to a health care organization, he/she encounters stimulants which are different in quality and quantity from past stimulants and this causes sensory changes in him. The patient who is admitted to ICU ward is exposed to overburden or sensory deprivation due to some critical situations and complex methods of therapy.

 Methods: This is a descriptive study which was performed on 45 cases using simple random sampling method. A three-part questionnaire was used to collect the data which were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

 Results: The findings showed that the subjects experienced no, very little or occasional unpleasant sensory reception in more than 80% of the cases (without sensory overburden). But the assessment of emotional reactions indicated 39.8% had experienced pain, 18.5% anxiety, 12% fear, 7.4% anger and 0.9% hating, which probably happened because of sensory deprivation arising from less family visiting and lack of knowledge about disease.

 Conclusion: Since patients in ICU experience some unpleasant emotional reactions, in order to decrease this experience, it is recommended to educate the patients and increase the duration of visiting time.

  Background & Objective: Determining the level of lesion in lumber disc disease might be difficult, especially when there is a transitional vertebrae. MRI is one the methods widely used in presurgery however, presence of sacralization or lumbarization may lead to a incorrect diagnosis. This study aimed at evaluating the agreement degree between the results of MRI and surgery with the post-operative radiographic findings in patients with lumber disc herniation.

 Methods:�Thirty patients with lumber disc herniation were evaluated in a diagnostic value study during a 15-month period of time. Presurgery MRI results, as well as the findings during operation regarding the level of herniated lumbar disc were compared with the radiographic findings, numbering the vertebra below the C2 after surgery. The radiologic assessment of involved segment was considered as the gold standard method. Transitional vertebrae were determined on the basis of radiologic findings.

 Results:�There were thirty patients with lumber disc herniation, 16 males and 14 females, with the mean age of 40.83±12.57 years in the study. There was a high and significant degree of compatibility agreement between the results of MRI and findings during surgery with the radiologic data (kappa=0.719, p<0.001 kappa=0.859, p<0.001). The results of MRI and surgery were incorrect in 4 and 2 cases, respectively. All these cases had a transitional vertebra in lumbosacral segment (totally 6 patients with transitional vertebra) i.e. MRI and surgery were able to detect the right level of herniation in 33.3% and 66.7% of patients with either sacralization or lumbarization, respectively. The sensitivity of MRI and surgery was 87% and 93%, respectively.

 Conclusion:�Our results showed that MRI and surgery can reveal the right level of LDH in majority of patients however, when there is a transitional vertebra, this ability may significantly be decreased.

  Background & Objectives: Cervical cancer is the third common cancer among women in United States and in developing countries cervical cancer is supposed as the first or second common cancer of female reproductive system. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between cervical cancer and its risk factors in Iranian women.

  Methods: This is an observational, retrospective study. A total of 128 patients with confirmed diagnosis of cervical cancer were compared with the control group of 128 healthy women. The risk factors such as age, age of the first pregnancy, abortion, termination of pregnancy, number of pregnancy and the socioeconomic status were compared and analyzed by Student's t-distribution test, Fisher’s and Pearson’s statistical methods.

  Results: The following odds ratio can be concluded from the study: Marital status 2.71, having multiple sexual partners 3.33, marriage under the age of 16 1.61, use of oral contraceptives 3.072 and using cauterization and cryotherapy were 0.6.

  Conclusion: This study showed that marital status, having multiple sexual partners, low marital age and history of using oral contraceptive consumption increase the possibility of cervical cancer.

  Introduction : Cardiac events due to coronary artery disease (CAD) are the most common cause of death in all over the world. Myocardial ischemia and its consequent heart failure are considered as common problems and complications of CAD. The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-ischemic effects of fibrates in patients with CAD.

  Methods : This clinical-trial study was conducted on patients with dyslipidemia and CAD referred to the Baqiyatallah university hospital, Tehran, during 2008-2010. A total of 124 patients randomly divided into two groups: the first group (64 patients) received simvastatin (20-60 mg/day)+fenofibrate (200 mg/day) with lipid-limited diet and exercise and the second group (60 patients) received simvastatin (20-60 mg/day) with diet and exercise for one year and the patients were evaluated at the end of this period.

  Results : The mean age was 54.3±6.5 years and 53.2% of patients were male. Metabolic equation index was changed from 4.32±0.5 to 5.68±0.5 at the first group (P<0.001) and 4.43±0.9 to 4.41±1.1 at the other one (P=0.121) and also time of exercise was changed from 5.21±1.81 to 6.01±1.8 (P<0.001) and 5.43±1.26±5.23±1.2 (P=0.089) respectively. No serious adverse effects were seen.

  Conclusion : Lipid-lowering therapy with simvastatin and fenofibrate reduces myocardial ischemia. Therefore it’s recommended to add fenofibrate to statinsin the treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with high risk of cardiovascular accidents as complementary treatment.