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Showing 2 results for Karami
Pari Karami, Aziz Babapoor, Mahdieh Shoghi-Benam , Mohammad Johari-Ahar,
Volume 21, Issue 3 (Autumn 2021)
Abstract
Background & objectives: Diabetes is a disease that requires continuous monitoring of blood glucose levels to control its complications. At present, blood glucose is measured using portable devices; most of the electrodes of these devices work using the enzyme glucose oxidase. Due to the high cost of the enzyme and its instability, non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors can significantly contribute to the emergence of new generation devices.
Methods: In this study, keywords of glucose measurement, non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors in the period 1962 -2020, were searched and studied from Elsevier, Scopus, Science Direct and PubMed databases. In this review, first, the different generations of glucose sensors and how they are made are mentioned, and the types of materials used in the preparation of enzyme-based sensors are discussed. The progress made in non-enzymatic sensors is mentioned in the following, and the advantages and challenges of these types of glucose sensors are discussed.
Results: Materials used to prepare non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensors are platinum, copper, platinum alloys, gold and platinum nanomaterials, and molecular mold polymers. The main problem of these compounds is the lack of selectivity of these compounds and their weak signal due to the intervention of disturbing species. However, using molecular mold polymers seems an excellent option to solve this problem.
Conclusions: Non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensors have the advantage of high stability and low cost, and measuring the amount of glucose in biological fluids can be helpful in controlling diabetes. Advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology and molecularly formulated polymers have made it possible to produce new nanomaterials to create enzyme-free systems for glucose detection, but several studies are needed to bring these sensors to market.
Mohsen Salehi, Alireza Zeraatchi, Farzaneh Karamitanha, Gholamreza Hamidkholgh,
Volume 25, Issue 2 (Summer 2025)
Abstract
Background: Effective management of acute pain in patients with long-bone fractures is essential for comfort and procedural facilitation. While intravenous morphine is the gold standard for pain relief, it is associated with significant adverse effects. This study investigates the efficacy and safety of nebulized fentanyl as a noninvasive alternative to intravenous morphine in managing acute pain from long-bone fractures, alongside assessing patient satisfaction.
Methods: In a randomized, double-masked clinical trial conducted in the Emergency Department, 240 patients aged 20–50 years with long-bone fractures and visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores greater than five were randomly assigned to receive either nebulized fentanyl (4 µg/kg) or intravenous morphine (0.1 mg/kg). Pain scores were recorded at baseline and at 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after the intervention. Secondary outcomes included the need for rescue analgesia, adverse effects, and patient satisfaction, which were analyzed statistically using a significance level of α = 0.05.
Results: At 5 minutes, the pain intensity difference between groups was Δ5 = x5 units (95% CI: [L5, U5]), and at 60 minutes, Δ60 = x60 units (95% CI: [L60, U60]). The need for rescue analgesia showed numeric differences at 15 and 30 minutes. Nausea/vomiting were more prevalent in the morphine group. Patient satisfaction was comparable between the two groups.
Conclusion: Both nebulized fentanyl and intravenous morphine are effective for acute pain relief, though morphine offers superior early relief. Nebulized fentanyl presents a viable alternative with fewer systemic side effects.
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