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  Background & Objectives : Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation may lead to tachycardia, hypertension and dysrhythmia or myocardial ischemia. In this double blind study, the effects of midazolam and lidocaine on hemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation have been examined.

  Methods : 52 ASA class one patients, aged 20-50, who were candidate for elective inguinal hernia surgery with general anesthesia, were randomly assigned to two groups. All patients received normal saline or Ringer's lactate solution (5ml/kg) about 5-10 minutes before induction of anesthesia and were preoxygenated for 3 minutes. Group 1 received midazolam (0.05 mg/kg) and group 2 received lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg) during 3 minutes prior to intubation. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl (100 µ g) and thiopental (5 mg/kg) and trachea was intubated by the aid of succinyl choline (1.5 mg/kg). Anesthesia was maintained with halothane (0.5-0.75%) and equal proportions of nitrous oxide and oxygen. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate were recorded before premedication and intubation, as well as immediately two and five minutes after intubation. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using paired t-test.

  Results : After intubation�Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, MAP and heart rate increased in both groups compared to the baseline values. The difference in increasing diastolic blood pressure and MAP between the two groups was significant (p<0.05), but the difference in increasing systolic blood pressure and heart rate between two groups was not statistically significant. The increase in diastolic blood pressure and MAP in group 1 was significantly more than group 2 (p<0.05).

  Conclusion : Clinically, midazolam was as much effective as lidocaine in controlling response to intubations. Consequently it can be used as an alternative lidocaine in intubations. It has also other priorities such as amnesia, anti-anxiety and anti-agitation.

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  Background & Objectives: The conjunctiva is a mucus membrane that covers the internal surface of the eyelids and the external surface of the globe. Conjunctivitis comprises a variable group of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Bacterial conjunctivitis is a common type of ocular infections. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial agents in conjunctivitis.

  Methods: This descriptive study was done on 148 patients with conjunctivitis who were hospitalized in pediatric hospital of Tabriz from March 2001 to February 2002 and had suppurative discharge. Suppurative discharge of the conjunctiva was sampled and cultured on suitable media. Antibiogram of the isolated strains was done using the disk diffusion method. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics.

  Results : The isolated organisms were in the following frequency: Pseudomonas aeroginosa (40), Staphylococcus aureus(26), Klebsiella pneumonia(20), coagulase negative Staphylococci spp(18), Enterobacter spp(12), E.coli(10), Seratia marcescens(6), Acintobacter spp(4), Beta-hemolytic streptococcus group A(4). These bacteria had varied degrees of resistance to ciprofloxacin (37%), Chloramphenicle (52%), Gentamycin (70%) and Co-trimoxazol (71%).

  Conclusion: In different studies the prevalence of conjuctivitis infection is reported to be 20-40% but we found 94.5%. Regarding the importance of bacterial conjuctivitis infection in hospital and the possibility of the transmission of resistant infection to the society, some measures shoud be taken to decrease these infections.

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  Background & Objectives: Respiratory distress is one of the most important causes of children admission in hospitals. In most cases, it is due to pneumonia, asthma or acute bronchiolitis. Since theses diseases have a lot of symptoms in common, we decided to study these disorders in more details to facilitate the appropriate diagnosis and treatment based on clinical, laboratory and radiologic findings.

  Methods: 238 children who suffered from respiratory distress and were admitted to pediatric ward in Ghaem hospital were studied. This descriptive study was performed during 3 years including 2 retrospective and one prospective year. The relationship between variables was analyzed using chi-square test.

  Results: The patients were six months to five years old. Pneumonia (40.3%) asthma (30.3%) and bronchiolotis (16.8%) were the most common causes of respiratory distress. Totally, 61.1% of the patients were male. The mean age of the patients was 10.3 months in bronchiolitis and 36.6 months for asthma. The most common symptom among these three diseases was tachypnea. Most of the patients were admitted in winter and fall respectively. The main radiologic pattern in pneumonia was pulmonary infiltration and for asthma and acute bronchiolitis it was pulmonary hyperinflation.

  Conclusion: Proper attention to signs and symptoms as well as laboratory and radiologic fndings is necessary for accurate diagnosis. In this study the most common cause of respiratory distress in children under 5 was found to be pneumonia, asthma and bronchiolitis respectively.

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  Background & Objectives: Juvenile Immune Arthritis (JIA), which is a disorder with unkuown etiology, occurs in children under 16 and is one of the most common collagen vascular diseases in pediatrics and among the important causes of permanent deformity of joints and blindness in children. With regard to its importance, we studied the incidence, different types as well as clinical and laboratory features of this disorder.

  Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed on 24 patients (age range: 6 months-12 years) admitted to pediatric wards of Ghaem and Imam Reza hospitals in Mashhad during 1998-2001. The data were collected from the patients’ records using a questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software.

  Results: Polyarticular type was the most common form of the disease. Peak age of involvment was 11 years old. Boys were more frequently affected than girls. Knees, ankles and wrists were the most commonly involved joints. Most of the patients suffered from loss of appetite and irritability. Fever was detected in 100% of the patients with systemic type and 2/3 of the cases with polyarticular form. The most important laboratory findings were elevated ESR, positive CRP and anemia. There was an excellent response to aspirin or glucocorticoids.

  Conclusion: In comparison to similar studies the onset of disease in our patients was a little later. Fever was seen in all patients with sytemic disorder and skin rash was observed in most of the cases. So, it would be quite wise to suspect JIA in such cases. Aspirin or prednisolone are suitable drugs to treat most of these patients.

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  Background & Objectives: Excess body fat percentage is one of the risk factors in the progression of chronic diseases. Anthropometric indices of obesity are screening tools to determine subjects at risk of cardiovascular disease all over the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between abdominal obesity and the early stage of atherosclerosis by Carotid Intima- Media Thickness (CIMT) on women .

  Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 100 healthy women aged 18–50 year. Anthropometric indices were measured and calculated according to standard protocol. Cut off points for waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) were 88 cm, 0.8 and 0.5 respectively Carotid Intima- Media Thickness was determined by using non-invasive ultrasound as an indicator of early stage of atherosclerosis. Subjects with mean CIMT≤0.8 mm and CIMT>0.8 mm were considered as "normal subjects" and "subjects at risk", respectively.

  Results: Average age of subjects was 30.96±8.1 and the mean of WC, WHR, WHtR and CIMT were 95±0.17, 0.87±0.08, 0.61±0.11 and 0.63±0.15, respectively. All abdominal anthropometric indices significantly associated with mean CIMT. Waist circumference with cut off point of 88 Cm had sum of sensitivity and specificity higher than WHR and WHtR.

  Conclusion: Waist circumference index with cut off point of 88 cm is better than WHR and WHtR to identify subjects at high risk of atherosclerosis.

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Background & objectives: Parasitic diseases are one of the health problems of all societies and are considered as barriers to progress socioeconomic development, especially in most developing countries. This study evaluated the frequency of intestinal parasites in patients referred to hospitals affiliated with Ardabil University of Medical Sciences in 2018.
Methods: a total of 409 stool samples were collected from laboratories of Imam Khomeini and Bouali hospitals and then transferred to the parasitology lab in the medical and paramedical school. Samples were evaluated using direct, concentration and culture methods. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21.
Results: Out of 409 samples, 22 cases (5.4%) were infected with intestinal parasites. Among them, 5.3% and 5.4% of infected cases were men and women respectively. Also, the rate of infection to the protozoans and helminths was 3.7% and 1.7% respectively. Among the positive cases, the highest percentage of infection was related to Giardia and Blastocystis.
The infection rate of each parasite among all patients and positive cases was 1.2% and 22.7% respectively.
Conclusion: The present study showed that intestinal protozoan infection, especially Giardia lamblia and Blastocystis hominis are high in Ardabil city, and therefore special infection control measures are urgently needed.
 

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Background & objectives: Fishes are one of the most important sources of zoonotic parasites throughout the world. This study aimed to determine helminthic parasites of Fish caught in the Aras River.
Methods: During 2020-2021, a number of 100 fishes including 20 Cyprinus carpio, 10 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, 5 Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, 12 Silurus glanis, 5 Aspius aspius, 15 Ratilus rutilus, 3 Sander lucioperca, 22 Luciobarbus capito, and 8 Abramis brama were caught. All parts of the fish body (scales, gills, eyes, muscles, gastrointestinal tract) were examined for Helminthes parasites. After clearing and temporarily staining with Lactophenol-Azokarmin, morphological characters of worms were analyzed using a calibrated microscope equipped with a camera.
Results: After examining and evaluating the samples, 18 (18%) of the fish were infected with at least with one helminthic parasite. The species and percent of infection were as follows: Ligula intestinalis plerocercoid: Cyprinus carpio 40%, Ratilus rutilus 13.33%, Abramis brama 12.5% in the abdominal cavity. Bothriocephalus sp.: Cyprinus carpio 5% in the intestine. Diplozoon sp.: Cyprinus carpio 5% and Ratilus rutilus each 6.7% in gills. Dactylogyrus sp.: Cyprinus carpio 10%, Abramis brama 12.5% in gills. Clinostomum sp. metacercariae: Cyprinus carpio 5% infected with metacercaria in gills and abdominal cavity.
Conclusion: Among the investigated types of fish, the highest level of infection with helminthic parasites was found in common carp. Also, among the helminthic parasites found, the highest frequency is related to Ligula intestinalis, followed by Dactylogyrus