Background & Objective: The emergence of multi-drug resistant salmonella strains h ave made t h e treatment of typhoid fever difficult all over the world. It is even more complicated w h en t h e hi g h cost of newly marketed antibiotics, their side effects and arising bacterial resistance to them are considered. Knowledge of antibiotic sensitivity and resistance of salmonella can make prevention of side-effects and emergence of resistance as well as the treatment measures more effective in this region.

  Methods : This descriptive study was performed in a 6-year period between 1992-97 on 397 patients who were culture positive (blood and stool) in terms of typhoid. The drug resistance was determined based on the anti-biogram of salmonella separated from blood and stool culture of the patients.

  Results: The total number of patients was 397 (237 males, 160 females). All of the subjects were above 12 years old. The resistance of strains of salmonella separated from the blood and stool culture to an antibiotic was 76.9 and 79.6 percent respectively. Resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, co-trimoxazole and chloramphenicol was highest among others. There were 60 strains with multi-drug resistance 34 of which (8.57% of all patients) were separated from blood culture and 26 (6.55% of all patients) from stool-culture. The amount of microorganisms multi-drug resistance separated from blood and stool was 6.55% and 8.57% respectively (15.12% in total).

  Conclusions : Using antibiotics without the knowledge of bacterial resistance and sensitivity can complicate the issue.

  Background & objectives: Screening and early diagnosis of delayed development in children particularly among high risk groups are obligatory. Children with a history of one or more risk factors in pre-natal, peri-natal and post-natal periods are prone to delayed development in comparison with normal population. This study was launched to assess the developmental status in children with a history of NICU admission.

  Methods : In this study 114 children, aged between 4-60 months with a history of NICU admission were recruited. ASQ questionnaires including information in 5 fields: communication, fine and gross motor status, personal-social and problems solving, were filled for each one of the cases by their parents. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi square test.

  Results: Among 114 cases, there were 71.1% male. Totally 70.2% of cases were premature. The most prevalent reason for admission was immaturity. The average weight of infants was 2233 ± 680 gram. Figures of abnormal findings in 5 fields were: communication 20.2%, gross motor 17.5%, fine motor 19.3%, problem solving 8.8% and personal-social 16.7%. In this study 67.5% of children showed normal development while 6.1% were abnormal in all 5 fields and 26.3% were abnormal in at least one filed. Statistically, there weren’t significant differences between various developmental fields and genus, length of hospital stay and birth weight.

  Conclusion : Despite normal developmental status in majority of children with a history of NICU admission, a considerable number of them had delayed development in at least one field. These findings suggest a need for patient screening and intense follow up programs.

  Background & objectives: In recent decades, nanotechnology has been developing in medical field, and most of the nanoparticles are highly valuable in hygienic care. Vulvovaginitis is an infectious disease giving rise to problem in genital tract and Candida albicans is the main cause of Vulvovaginitis.

  Methods: In this study, laboratory effect of gold nanoparticles has been investigated on Candida albicans isolates obtained from patients with Vulvovaginitis. Candida spp. isolates were obtained from 200 patients referring to medical diagnostic laboratory in Isfahan city during 2013, and identified using mycological methods including germ tube, clamydoconidia formation, and culturing on chrom agar media. Antifungal effect of gold nanoparticles was evaluated in concentration of 100, 50, 25, and 12.5 ppm on Candida isolates using well diffusion and microdilution methods. Fluconazole was used as a positive control and results were analyzed by SPSS15 software using Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and average differences analysis tests.

  Results: The most averages of clear zone diameter for gold nanoparticle were 18, 15, 12 millimeter, respectively. Minimum inhibitory and fungicidal
concentration of gold nanoparticle was determined 6.25, 12.5 ppm and for fluconazole were 50.25±19.48 and 100.50±38.96, respectively. Based on obtained results antifungal activity of gold nanoparticle was dependent to concentration.

  Conclusion: In current study, inhibitory effect of gold nanoparticles was evaluated against microorganism. Although the laboratories findings are promising, more investigation should be conducted for therapeutic standardization.