Hydatid disease infection in humans is caused by larva of Echinococcus granulosus. Definitive hosts are carnivores such as dogs, while intermediate hosts are herbivores. Humans can also be intermediate hosts. Hydatid disease is clinically related to the presence of cysts, most frequently in the liver and the lungs and less frequently in the other organs such as kidney, spleen, brain, heart and bone. In this article, a case of splenic hydatid cyst is reported. A 50-years-old man was admitted to the clinic with a abdominal pain lasting for two weeks. Sonography and computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a splenic cyst. Cyst was removed by a surgery. The diagnosis of a hydatid cyst was confirmed by histopathology.

  Background & Objectives: Considering the effect of Pseudomonas aeroginosa on public health as one of the most important microorganisms in swimming pools, this study was conducted to assess the possibility of contamination of hot spring pools with this organism in Ardabil province.

  Methods: In this study, 195 specimens were investigated from all public hot spring pools of Ardabil province during April to September 2011 when the number of swimmers reaches its peak. Standard method was used to investigate the presence or absence of P. aeroginosa in the valume of 100 ml collected samples.

  Results: The rates of contamination with P. aeruginosa at different months were as follows: April 17.5%, May 22.5%, June 22.5%, July 25% and August 20%. There was no statistically significant difference for P. aeroginosa contamination within the months. However, a statistically significant difference was considered for P. aeroginosa among all locations (p<0.05).

  Conclusion: Totally, 22.9% of specimens revealed P. aeroginosa which is alarming. So, it is suggested that monitoring and disinfection the public hot spring pools should be considered more seriously. It is also necessary to limit the number swimmers in public hot spring pools to reduce burden of contamination.

  Background & Objectives: Chronic renal failure (CRF), also known as chronic kidney disease, caused by devastated nephron mass of the kidney results in uremia. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus and glomerulonephritis are common etiologic factors of CRF. This condition causes miscellaneous oral manifestations especially in diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to comparison oral manifestations of diabetic and non-diabetic uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis.

  Methods: A total of 95 patients who undergoing hemodialysis in Razi hospital in Rasht city participated in this descriptive analytical study. Patients were divided into two diabetic and non- diabetic groups. Oral cavity examinations were done by latex gloves and single use mirror. Objective and subjective oral manifestations such as xerostomia, bad taste, mucosal pain, uremic odor, coating tongue, petechial, purpura, pale oral mucosa, ulcer, dental erosion and candida infection were recorded in questionnaire. After gathering of information, the data were analyzed by SPSS 15 software using t-test and chi square statistical test.

  Results: About 60% of patients (57 person) were men and 40 % (38 person) were women. The mean age of patients was 48 years (range of 20 -76 years). Common subjective oral manifestation in both groups was xerostomia and most common objective oral manifestations were pale oral mucosa, uremic odor and coating tongue respectively. The DMFT index in diabetic group was significantly higher (17.3±7.63) than non-diabetic patients (12.4±8.26). There was no significant statistical correlation between the time of dialysis, number of dialysis appointment during the week and objective and subjective oral manifestations in two groups.

  Conclusion: Although, the present study has shown an increase in oral manifestations in diabetic patients undergoing hemodialysis relative to non-diabetic group, but this increase was not statistically significant. On the other hand results of our study have indicated significantly higher DMFT in diabetic group in comparison with the non-diabetic group. So patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis need to more oral and dental health care.

Background & objectives: Diabetes mellitus mediated by oxidative stress, creates serious metabolic disorders in testis. Kudzu root with an isoflavonin and saponin contents is often used as antidiabetic and antioxidant. This study aimed at preventing the oxidative effects of diabetes using Kudzu root.

Methods: In this study, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into four groups: control, diabetic and diabetic rats treated with Kudzu 50 and100 mg/kg. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 55mg/kg streptozocin. One week after injection, the rats started to receive Kudzu at the doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg for five weeks by gavage. Testicular damage was examined by using hematoxylin-eosin staining protocol. Hormonal and blood biochemical factors were measured.

Results: The results of this study showed that diabetes causes a high blood sugar levels and reduces the spermatogonia and Sertoli cells with decreased spermatogenesis,sperm count and function. These effects were improved in the treatment groups. Decrease in blood sugar and increase in the number and motility of sperm cells and spermatogonic cells were also observed together with enhanced seminiferous tubule diameter and lower basement membrane thickness.

Conclusion: Kudzu with the ability to reduce blood sugar, improves diabetic-induced testicular damage and can have a therapeutic role in diabetes.v

Background & objectives: One of the difficulties of community of dentists, especially dentists dealing with children, is the pain and fear of dental treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of systematic desensitization and distraction on reducing fear and pain in children with dental problems.

Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study designed with pretest-posttest multi groups according to control group. For this purpose, 45 children with dental problems referred to the dental clinic of Ardabil was selected and divided into three groups of 15 people: systematic desensitization (n=15), distraction (n=15) and control group (n=15). All of three groups answered to dental fears survey and numeric scale of pain as pre-test. Then, the therapeutic method of systematic desensitization and distraction was performed on two experimental groups. After completion of the treatments, three groups answered to dental fear survey and numeric scale of pain. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used for the analysis of the data.

Results: The results showed a significant difference in the score of post-test between three groups in pain (F=197.27; p<0.001) anddental fear (F=178.36; p<0.001). LSD post hoc test results showed that systematic desensitization method was more effective in reduction of pain and the distraction method was more affective in reduction of dental fear.

Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that psychological interventions of distracting and systematic desensitization can be used to reduce fear and pain at pediatric clinics.