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  Background & Objectives: Tension headache is one of the most common types of headaches that millions of people suffer from it. So far different treatments have been used to confront with tension headaches. According to the studies, tension headaches usually respond well to nonpharamacological treatment. The objective of this survey is the comparison between efficacy and effectiveness rate of SIT and medical treatment for tension headache treatment.

  Methods: In this study, 30 patients who had referred to neurology clinic of Alavi Hospital and private clinics, during the months of June and July in 2003, with chronic tension headache complaint, were selected randomly. These 30 patients were entered to two study groups and the third control groups. The patients in the first and second group received SIT and medical treatment respectively. The third group was considered as the control group and received no intervention. Indices of headache (frequency, severity and duration) were evaluated in 3 stages (Before treatment, after treatment and within one-month follow up period) by using a headache record device for all of patients. The collected data were analyzed by inferential statistical SIT methods, variance analysis and LSD pair comparison.

  Results: The data found from ANOVA methods (Analysis of variance) showed that both methods (Stress inoculation training and medical treatment) are effective in the treatment of chronic tension headache, but comparison between two groups showed that the group who received SIT had a significant difference compared to the group who received medical treatment in terms of efficacy rate on duration and consistency of headache symptom (p<0.05). In other indices of headache (freauency and severity), there was no significant difference between these two groups.

  Conclusion: This study showed that effiectiveness rate of stress inoculation training is more effective than medical treatment of tension headache (in terms of headache symptoms duration and consistency).

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Background & Objectives: Schizophrenia is a chronic disease with frequent periods of exacerbation & remission which influences all aspects of the patient's life, in a way that the patient never returns to his premorbid life. The goal of this survey is Study of main signs in Schizophrenia patients in Ardabil City.

Methods:�This study was a descriptive-analytic one which was done on all of the patients with schizophrenia admitted in Fatemi & Issar hospitals in 2006. A sample of 100 was selected. To study the main signs of schizophrenia in these patients, a questionnaire was used. To screen the patients with schizophrenia, MMPI test was used. The findings were analyzed by descriptive statistics & through the computer software SPSS. Also a PCA method of factor analysis was used for the hypotheses.

Results:�79 patients were male and the rest female.�The most frequent main sign in these patients was attention deficit, & social withdrawal was at the second place. Also, the most frequent type of schizophrenia was paranoid schizophrenia (44%=44 patients). The most widely used was clozapine.

Conclusion: The findings of this study have a concordance with the results of the last studies about the main signs of schizophrenia & also with DSM-IV & Bluerian & Kreaplian symptoms (except from the perception disorders).

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  Background and objectives: Co-morbidity of psychiatric disorders and substance abuse disorder have extensive effects and is accompanied by poorer prognosis. Treatment of this population should be proportionate to their needs. Current study aims to survey personality disorders among referrers to the addiction treatment center, thereby may contributes in achieving a more comprehensive view on encountering them and their treatment.

  Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, number of 100 persons with substance abuse disorder were selected by convenient sampling method from referrers to the Reference Center of Addiction Treatment of Ardabil province in 2008. Necessary information was gathered by researcher designed questionnaire (including demographic information) and Million's questionnaire of Personality Disorder. And gathered data were extracted and analyzed by SPSS Software.

  Results: Results analysis showed that the most observed associated disorders in the studied subjects was the Antisocial Personality disorder (0.54%) and Borderline, Histrionic and Narcissistic Personality disorders were located at next ranks, respectively. There was no significant relationship between used drug type and duration of usage to specific personality (p > 0.05). There was significant statistical difference between multi-drug and one-drug abusers addicts, from view point of having or not having personality disorder (p < 0.05).

  Conclusion: Results analysis showed high co-morbidity of personality disorders and drug abuse among addicts (84 %) and lower rate of personality disorders among persons with one drug compared with multi-drug abuse.

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  Background & Objectives: Pregnancy accompanies with physical and psychological alternation during woman's life. These changes effluence the overall dimensions of couple’s life especially sexual relation. The aim of this study was to investigate the women’s attitude and sexual function during pregnancy.

  Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted among 329 healthy pregnant women aged 15-45 years. The attitude and sexual function of the cases were studied based on their gestational age (the last fourth weeks of each pregnancy trimester) in three groups. Data were collected using an instrument. The instrument has three parts including demographic characteristics, attitude assessment and Arizona Sexual Scale Experience (ASEX). One way ANOVA, Post hoc, chi square and Spearman correlation were used for data analysis and the differences were considered to be significant at the p<0.05 level.

  Results: The results showed that the score of sexual dysfunction, sexual desire disorder and orgasmic disorder increase with gestational age development. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant relation between total score of sexual function disorder and decrease of sexual attraction in all three trimesters (p=0.01, p=0.04, p=0.03 respectively) and fear of prematurity in the second trimester (p=0.01).

  Conclusion: According to the results sexual function disorder has a high frequency in pregnancy. The findings emphasize the need for educational programs to improve the Sexual functions during prenatal care.

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  Background & Objectives : Intense training increases the production of free radicals and causes inflammatory response in athletes. Strengthen and improving athlete’s immune system may reduce the harmful effects of intense physical activity. The aim of this study was to investigate supplementary consumption of coenzyme Q₁₀ on serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) during the maximal activity.

  Methods : Twelve healthy active males (age 21.75 ± 0.64 yr, BMI 23.7±0.94 kg/m²) performed 30-min exercise at 80% to 85% HRmax. Subjects 120 minutes pre-exercise received either of the following regimens: Coenzyme Q₁₀ (2 mg per kg body weight) or placebo (food color). Blood samples were obtained prior to supplement consumption and immediately after exercise, then groups were reversed after 4 days. The data were analyzed using paired and independent t-test. The statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

  Results: TNF-α serum level increased in both supplementation and placebo group (4.2% and 5.12% respectively) and the difference between two groups was insignificant.

  Conclusion : The results of this study indicated that after maximal activity increasing of TNF-α serum level was slower in the supplement group in comparison with placebo group but Q₁₀ consumption did not caused a significant difference between two group (p=0.8).

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  Background & Objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the major endocrine disorders among females. PCOS is associated with development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on glycemic status and high sensitive C-reactive protein in women with PCOS.

  Methods: This double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 61 PCOS patients. Subjects in ω-3 fatty acids (n=30) and placebo (n=31) groups take 4 ω-3 fatty acids capsules (each one contained 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 120 mg docosahexanoic acid) or placebo daily for 8 weeks. Anthropometric and biochemical measurments and food intakes were assessed at the beginning and at the end of the study.

  Results: ω-3 fatty acid supplementation caused significant decrease in serum levels of glucose, insulin (p < 0.001 for both) and insulin resistance (p = 0.002) at the end of the study in comparision with baseline values. This was also statistically significant compared to the placebo group (p < 0.001, p = 0.002 and p = 0.001, respectively). No statistically significant differences in serum levels of high sensitive C-reactive protein were obsereved in any of groups at the end of the study (p > 0.05).

  Conclusion: ω-3 fatty acid supplementation had some beneficial effects on glycemic status of PCOS patients and may be useful in prevention and control of metabolic conmplication of this syndrome.

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Background & objectives: Parasitic infections are among important health problems all over the world especially in developing countries. Considering the epidemiological importance of parasitological diseases and necessity to evaluation the parasites prevalence in different areas and populations, current study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in patients admitted to the laboratories of Baqiyatallah Hospital in Tehran.

Methods: This is a retrospective cross sectional study in which stool examination reports of all referred patients (70978) to central and emergency laboratories of Baqiyatallah hospital were evaluated during 2010-2014. In this course, at least one stool sample of patients was assessed by direct smear and formalin-ethyl acetate methods. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS 16. Chi-square test was used for comparison of the prevalence.

Results: From 70978 patients, 42421(59.77%) and 28557(40.23%) were male and female, respectively. From 2617 infected individuals, 1841(70.3%) and 776 (29.7%) were males and females, respectively. The prevalence of pathogen and non-pathogen intestinal parasites was 2283(87.23%) and 334(12.76%) respectively. Also the prevalence of intestinal helminthes and protozoa in infected population was 0.42% and 99.57%, respectively. Blastocystis hominis and then Giardia lamblia were the prevalent parasites.

Conclusion: In current study the prevalence of parasites is lower than those reported in other investigations. Differences in geographical location, sample size, duration and type of study (prospective or retrospective) and study population may be effective agents. The higher prevalence of "Blastocystis hominis" in comparison with other parasites can attract more attention to improve the quality of laboratory and clinical diagnosis of this protozoa

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Background & objectives: Trauma is one of the most common causes of death in  the age range 1 to 44 and the third cause of death regardless of age. Abdominal trauma is one of the most common types of trauma. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of causes of laparotomy in penetrating and blunt abdominal traumas in 2016.
Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 120 medical records of patients hospitalized for penetrating and blunt abdominal traumas in Fatemi Hospital, Ardabil, 2016. The inclusion criterion consisted of all patients undergoing laparotomy due to abdominal trauma. In this study, age, gender, education level, type of trauma (blunt or penetrating), results of laparotomy surgery, physical examination and paraclinical findings of patients before operation were collected by a researcher- made checklist.
Results: The results showed that 80% of the patients were male and 35% were in the age range 20-29years. Of patients, 38.3% had penetrating trauma and 61.7% blunt trauma. The most common mechanism of blunt abdominal trauma was car accident (83.8%). Penetrating object was the cause of all penetrating abdominal traumas. Peritoneal stimulation symptoms were observed in 56.5% of penetrating abdominal traumas and 62.2% of blunt abdominal traumas. Hypotension was observed in 21.7% of patients with penetrating abdominal trauma compared with 62.2% in patients with blunt abdominal trauma. The most prevalent damaged organ in patients with blunt trauma was spleen (51.4%). The most prevalent damaged intraabdominal organ was small bowel (17.4%). Negative laparotomy was significantly higher in patients with penetrating trauma than those with blunt trauma (p<0.0001). Moreover, 9.2% of all patients had died and mortality rate was higher in patients with blunt trauma than penetrating trauma (p<0.05) .
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that: 1. Road traffic accident and penetrating object were the most common causes of laparotomy in patients with blunt and penetrating trauma respectively; 2. Spleen and small bowel were the most prevalent damaged organs in blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma respectively and; 3. Young males were at highest risk of abdominal traumas.

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Background & objectives: Due to the prevalence of obesity and the subsequent development of metabolic risk factors, cardiovascular and fatty liver complications, exercise programs and the use of natural supplements can play a significant role in controlling and preventing these diseases. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review the effect of eight weeks of combined exercise and Chlorogenic acid intake on C-reactive protein and liver enzymes in obese women.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, which was performed as a pre-test, post-test with a control group, a total of 48 obese women were selected purposefully and divided randomly into four equal groups (n=12); exercise, supplement, exercise+supplementation and control group. The exercises program consisted of 8 weeks of aerobic and resistance training, 3 sessions with 60 minutes per week. The chlorogenic acid supplement group received daily Green coffee in capsule form contain 400 mg powder for 8 weeks and the concurrent group performed exercise and received Green coffee simultaneously. By using blood sampling the variables were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention. Data were analyzed by t-test and ANOVA at significance level of p<0.05.
Results: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the supplement group were the lowest and in the exercise+supplementation group had the highest decrease and there was no significant difference in the control group. The C-reactive protein (CRP) in the training+supplementation group was significantly decreased and in the three experimental groups there was a significant difference compared to the control group (p≥0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that combined exercise and natural substances rich in chlorogenic acid can decrease inflammatory factors such as C-reactive protein and liver enzymes.
 

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Background & objectives: Using medications that decrease postoperative pain and opioid consumption is a widely recommended approach. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous Ibuprofen and its complication in controlling pain after abdominal surgery.
Methods: This study was a randomized, double-blind, interventional clinical trial. Sixty patients aged 20 to 60 years were candidates for abdominal surgery (inguinal hernioplasty and appendectomy). Patients were divided into two equal size groups (n=30) using a random block design method. The First group received (400 mg IV) ibuprofen every 6 hours for 24 hours as well as (15 microgram/ml bolus) fentanyl pump with PCA. Second group only received (15 microgram/ml blous) fentanyl pump with PCA. 
Results: Demographic characteristics and duration of surgery, ASA class, type of anesthesia and type of surgery were similar in the two groups. Pain severity in 24 postoperative hours was significantly lower in the ibuprofen group compared with the control group. Nausea and vomiting frequency in 24 postoperative hours was significantly lower in the ibuprofen group compared with the control group. Patients belonging to ibuprofen group were significantly more satisfied with their analgesic method.
Conclusion: Results showed that using 400 mg intravenous ibuprofen every 6 hours mitigates postoperative pain, reduces fentanyl consumption and is highly tolerated by patients.

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Background & objectives: Flat foot is one of the most common physical and motor disorders among students. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three comprehensive corrective exercise protocols on the correction of flexible flat foot in boy students with overweight.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, which was performed as a pre-test, post-test with a control group, a total of 80 overweight students with flexible flat foot were selected purposefully and divided into four equal groups (n=20) randomly; (Theraband exercise, NASM, water resistance training and a control group). The experimental groups performed correction exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions with 45 minutes per week. Variables were measured at the baseline and after 8 weeks of correctional program. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance by SPSS 24 software at the significance level of p<0.05.
Results: The results of the study showed that the three protocols; Theraband exercise, NASM and water resistance training had a significant effect on the improvement of flexible flat feet in overweight male students with coefficients of 0.23, 0.32 and 0.15, respectively (p≤0.05). Furthermore, it was observed a significant difference between of these three corrective protocols on flexible flat foot.
Conclusion: These findings indicated that the three correction exercises have a significant effect on the improvement of flexible flat feet. Therefore, it is recommended trainers of rehabilitation centers and corrective movements use these training methods.
 

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Background & Objective: One of the social problems in many countries is the consumption of sports nutrition supplements, which causes many problems for athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of steroid supplementation on the psychological injuries profile in female bodybuilders.
Methods: In this analytical-descriptive study, 150 adult female bodybuilders (mean age 29.15 years, SD=6.82) were selected using the Cochran formula and stratified random sampling as a statistical sample. To collect data, demographic information, the Athletes 'supplement intake Scale, and Mmpi-2 mental health questionnaires were used. Data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation coefficient, Multivariate regression, and Structural Equation Modeling.
Results: The results showed that the female bodybuilder's psychological injuries profile was a significant relationship with steroid supplements (p=0.002). Also, the regression results showed that 1.6% for the Hs scale; 5.3% for the D scale, 17.7% for the Hy scale; 36.6% for the Pd scale; 31% for the Pa scale; 35.7% for the Pt scale; 38.8% for the Sc scale; 18.3% for the Ma scale is determined by the use of steroid supplements.
Conclusions: These findings indicate that a steroid supplement has an important role on the psychological injuries profile of female bodybuilders. Therefore, it is recommended that coaches and athletes to be cautious in taking steroid supplements.
 

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