Background & Objective : Benign Rolandic epilepsy is one of the most common epileptic syndrome in children with an excellent outcome. The pattern of inheritance is autosomal dominant and usually started between 3-14 years. The purpose of this study was to show clinical manifestation, outcome and good recovery of these patients after treatment.

  Methods : In this descriptive and prospective study between 2000-2001in Isfahan University of medical science, 21 patients according to clinical and electroencephalographic findings of Rolandic epilepsy were evaluated.

  Results : 17 patients were male and 4 female. The range of patients age was between 4-18. positive family history of Rolandic epilepsy were seen in 7 patients. There is not any recurrence of attacks after treatment with carbamazepin (18 patients) and sodium valproate
(3 patients).

  Conclusion : Clinical diagnosis with EEG findings are very important in patients with Rolandic epilepsy. Physicians must inform patients and their parents about excellent outcome of this type of epilepsy.

  Background & objective : Recovery state or post - anesthetic awakening is one of the most dangerous anesthetic stages . Respiratory, cardiovascular and other complications such as nausea, vomiting, shivering, pain and restlessness have been reported . This study designed to investigate prevalence of this complications and its probable risk factors in Ardabil Fatemi and Alavi hospitals.

  Methods : In this prospective study, 160 patients were selected in Alavi and Fatemi hospitals during winter of 2001. We completed a sheath for everybody about their history of medical diseases, pervious history of anesthesia, addiction, drug abuse, smoking, physical class of ASA, type of anesthesia, time and place of surgery . Data was analyzed by SPSS software.

  Results : These results were obtained in patients after surgery in recovery room: shivering
36.3 % , pain 26.9 % , restlessness 21.3 % , respiratory complications 13.8 % , cardiovascular complications 12 % , nausea and vomiting 8.8 % . We found significant correlation between some risk factors with complications, e. g: shivering with history of medical diseases, drug abuse and place of surgery and so, pain with restlessness, respiratory complication and place of surgery .

  Conclusion : This study according to similar studies revealed higher prevalence of some of post - anesthetic complications as shivering, pain and restlessness in our samples .

  Background & objectives : Helicobacter pylori is considered as an important factor in chronic gastritis , peptic and duodenal ulcer, also probably in adenocarcinoma of distal stomach. H. Pylori infection can be led to chronic ulcers and ultimately to atrophy and stomach metaplasia. H. pylori shows an increasing resistance to the current antibiotics. For this reason the present research in which the anti bacterial effects of four food additive plants against ten strains of H. Pylori were investigated.

  Methods : The plants turmeric, ginger, clove and cardamom were selected to act against ten strains of H. Pylori. The effect of ether, ethanol and water extracts on H. Pylori specimens isolated from the patients was studied, using the agar diffusion method .

 Results: Considered water extracts for their antibacterial effects, turmeric had the most anti H. Pylori efficacy (mean of inhibitory growth zone diameter 21.5 mm). Ginger, clove and cardamom were respectively placed thereafter. Among ethanol extracts, ginger with diameter mean of 19.7 mm showed the most efficient effect as compare with turmeric and clove. Ether extracts of the mentioned plants had anti H. Pylori effects (Mean of inhibitory growth zone diameter were 19, 13, 11.1 and 10.5 mm respectively

 Conclusions: Water, ethanol and ether extracts of turmeric had higher anti H. Pylori activity. Recognition of the effective fraction 0f this plant as an efficient anti H. Pylori is further step to be investigated.

  Background & Objective : Entering the university is an urgent event in the life of the young’s, that causes a lot of changes in their social relationships. This study was performed in order to evaluate students mental health in the Faculty of Rehabilitation at Shahid Beheshti University in spring 2002.

  Methods : For this descriptive and analytical study,120 students were selected including

  86 female and 34 male of whom 109 were single and 11 were married. The sampling method was unrandom. These students were requested to fill General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) as well as personal information Questionnaire.

  Results : According to this study, the mean score of students’ GHQ was 21.96(with 8.76 S.D) and 31.6% of students were suspected suffering from a kind of mental disorders .

  Conclusion: Statistical method in this research showed no significant difference between men and women, single and married and different age groups. This study suggests further psychological evaluation and adequate counseling service to promote students mental health.

  Background & Objective : One percent of emergency ward receptions are acute abdomen problems. Gynecological causes include 20%of them. Relation between physiology of women and abdominal pains challenges diagnosis. Clinical diagnosis in these cases have no substitution and studies about accuracy of diagnosis helps to correct future clinical diagnosis .

  Methods : A cross-sectional study conducted over 148 women whom admitted for acute abdomen causes and operation in Urmia Kosar Hospital during 1375-79. Data of history and Para clinical and also pre and post operation diagnosis Collected by related questionnaire and interpreted .

  Results : Ectopic pregnancy (39.9%), ruptured ovarian cyst (23.6%), ovarian cyst torsion(18.2 % ), abdomen masses unrelated to gynecological system (4.1%), were respectively common causes. Two cases were normal. Five appendicitis cases diagnosed after laparatomy. We observed 76% similarity of diagnosis before and after laparatomy, which coordinated with other studies. Ectopic pregnancy with 66 cases of diagnosis before and 53cases confirmation after operation was related to over diagnosis and 22 cases of ovarian cyst ruptures before operation and 36 cases of them after operation were related to under diagnosis .

  Conclusion : Considering the results, common causes of acute abdomen incur most frequent misdiagnoses. So keeping in mind that sometimes common cases appear atypically and on time using of paraclinic measures can help the surgeon to diagnose correctly before laparatomy .

  Background & Objectives : Coronary artery disease is one of the most important mortality causes in developed and developing countries. Many risk factors can influence coronary artery disease some of which can be controlled and prevented. Information should be given to people for controlling these factors and prior to this information – giving, the primary awareness of them about risk factors needs to be ascertained. This research is a study of the knowledge, attitude and practice of Ardabil people about CAD risk factors.

  Methods : This descriptive analytic study was done on 384 individuals (female and male) over 20 years old. These subjects were selected from five clusters. Synthetic questionnaire was used for data collection through direct interview at home. The collected data was then analyzed by SPSS software.

  Results : 50.5% of samples were females. 27.3 % of the subjects were high-school graduates. Most of them (70%) were aware of stress and lesion as risk factors. 66.9% of them were aware only of the effect of immobility on coronary artery disease but 13% of them had regular physical activity. 52.1% of them were aware of the harmful effect of salt on CAD, but 15% of them had low salt intake. 48.2% of people were aware of benefit of liquid oil on health, but only 25% of them consumed it. Results showed that, 48.2%, 51.3% and 40.9% of individual had moderate knowledge, positive attitude, and weak practice, respectively. The relationship among variables was significant (P<0.0001), and practice of people has been increased with increasing of knowledge and attitude.

  Conclusion : Regarding these results, regular programs are necessary for increasing awareness and practice of people as primary preventive steps for controlling CAD.

  Background & Objective : The diagnosis of psychiatric disorders are mainly made on base of clinical interview and physical mental examination of the patient. The clinical application of laboratory tests is limited to rejection of probable causes which may lead to emerge of mental manifestations. For assessing the efficiency of brain computerized tomography in this respect, a study was conducted.

  Methods : All of the hospitalized patients in psychiatric emergency unit of Isfahan medical school for six mounts were examined in the view of demographic characteristics, clinical diagnosis, and the number of performed brain computerized tomography and their results.

  Results : Brain computerized tomography was requested for 142 patients among the 408 hospitalized patient in psychiatric emergency unit. Among the performed scans only in one case (0.7 percent). Mild brain atrophy was reported and the remaining 141 scans were normal or at limit level of normal.

  Conclusion : According to limited diagnostic value of Brain computerized tomography in psychiatry and also techno economic problems, the accurate assessment of its actual application specially in our society, seems necessary.

 Background & Objective: Chronic otitis media infection exists among 1.5-2 percent of people and its purulent discharges can create some difficulties for the patients. Chronic otitis media is mainly due to pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aurous. Severe and irreversible damages should be expected unless follow up treatments are exactly performed in such patients. This study was conducted to determine the most prevalent microorganisms involved in otitis infection and their sensitivity to antibiotics.

 Methods: This is a descriptive study in which 60 patients who referred to nose and throat clinics of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences (2000-2001) were selected. Using applicator, some samples were taken from suppurative discharges of middle ear. These samples were then cultured in lactose broth and Nutrient broth. In order to isolate pathogenic microorganism, samples were also cultured in blood agar. Sensitivity of isolated pathogenic microorganism was determined against some antibiotics. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS software.

 Results: 56 out of 60 patients were culture positive. Microorganisms isolated from suppurative otitis media were Staphylococcus areus (31.6%), pseudomonas aeuroginosa (26.6%), proteus (20%), candida albicans (6.4%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (4.6%), aeuromonas (1.6%) and others (6.4%) respectively. Sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics was found to be Ciprofloxacin (94.6%), Co-trimoxazole (66.3%), Cloxacilin (64.3%), Chloramphenicol (64.3%),Cephalexin (64.3%), Erythromycin (60.7%), Amikacin (44.6%), Streptomycin (39.3%), Penicillin (5.4%) respectively.

 Conclusions: Since staphylococcus areus was�the most prevalent micro-organism in otitis media infection, and isolated microorganisms were more sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, antibiogram test is necessary prior to the treatment of otitis media.

 Background & Objective: Breast cancer is the most common cancer occurring among women and the second leading cause of death from cancer among them. The mortality rate of breast cancer is directly related to the stage of the disease when diagnosed, and is reduced by regular breast cancer screening program. This survey is carried out to identify the knowledge, attitude and practice of women in Ardabil about BSE.

 Methods: In this descriptive study, 150 women with 20-25 years of age, were selected through systematic cluster sampling. Knowledge, attitude and practice of them about BSE were investigated through face to face interview, and the obtained data were analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistics.

 Results: 44% of women had some information about breast cancer. 44.7% of them had average information about BSE. There was statistically significant relationship between knowledge of BSE on the one hand and age, marital status and history of previous breast examination on the other. 52% of them believed in BSE for early detection of breast cancer. Their attitude towards BSE was positive (51.3%) and there was a significant relationship between their knowledge and attitude. 18% of the subjects practiced BSE at least once, and their overall practice was in a weak level (46.7%).

 Conclusions: Qualitative researches could be recommended to recognize the factors effective in the improvement of acceptance of breast cancer screening methods among women.

 Background & Objective: Control of TB is regarded as a health priority program in underdeveloped countries, and Iran in no exception in this regard. Annual risk of infection (ARI) is an important index in this program. This index shows the percentage of people in a society who have been contaminated, and consequently their skin test has changed from negative to positive. In this study, Tuberculin skin test is conducted on Ardabil primary school students and its changes, if any, after one year have been regarded using renewed skin test in order to show ARI in this age group.

 Methods: 780 students were selected from among 17 primary schools using simple random sampling method. They were 8-14 years old, (mean 9.92). Tuberculin skin test was performed on all subjects two times with a one- year interval (May 1998-1999). The test results were recorded and analyzed. In this study PPD over 10 mm was considered positive.

 Results: In 55 (7.1%) students the test was positive in both tests, and in 33 (4.2%) students, PPD changed from negative (first time) to positive (second time) and in 78 subjects the results were doubtful. 765 students (98.1%) had history of BCG vaccination.

 Conclusions: This study indicated that, firstly, over the time, BCG has little effect on Tuberculin skin test, and secondly, the high rate of tuberculin skin test changes from negative (first time) to positive (second time) represents probability of severe contamination in this area.

 Backgrond & Objective: In recent years, malaria has been a serious problem in Parsabad (a north-western town in Iran). A lot of health-care funding has been allocated to malaria campaign program in this area. The objective of this study was to investigate clinical epidemiology of malaria during 1999-2000.

 Methods: The data collected through epidemiology forms filled for 509 malaria positive cases during 1999- 2000 was analyzed by EPI2000 software. Frequency tables, X² test and one way ANOVA were used in this analysis.

 Results: All 509 Malaria cases diagnosed were P vivax. They belonged to the first seven-month of the year. 69.4% of malaria cases were related to the year 2000 and the others were related to 1999. The most frequent symptoms were chills in 488 cases (95.9%) and fever in 481 of them (94.5%). Sweating was found only in 3.9% of the reported cases. Mean age and standard deviation of patients was 22.9 + 15.6. There was no significant difference between men and women in terms of the distribution of fever and chills.

 Conclusions: The high prevalence of fever and chills was compatible with the findings of previous studies. If one of the two symptoms is positive in the residents of this area or those people traveling there, malaria should be suspected.

  Background & Objective : Several studies have introduced different methods to facilitate the fetal expulsion. One of these methods is episiotomy during the second stage of labor followed by instant repair of episiotomy incision. Perineal repair, its different methods and the outcomes have long been a matter of discussion and research. This study was performed in order to compare results of two different methods of perineal repair, namely standard (three stage) and two-stage method (leaving the skin unsutured).

  Methods : This study is a randomized clinical trial in which, 80 mothers were selected continuously and divided randomly into the two stage and three stage repair groups. A scaled pain ruler, a questionnaire and information checklist were used to collect the data. The setting of this study was the labor room, the postpartum unit and subjects’ homes.

  Results : The finding of this study showed no significant difference between the outcomes of the two groups in terms of perineal pain in the first 4-6 hours, the 2nd day, 15th and 21st day, incision recovery on the 15th and 21st day, dyspareunia and the first postpartum pain-free intercourse.

  Conclusions : The findings of this research indicated that the results obtained from the two above-mentioned methods are not significantly different. However, since the two stage method requires spending less time and energy and reduces the time that mothers should stay in labor room, it is suggested to be used as one of the perineal repair methods.

 Background & Objective: Menarche is an important event during developing stages in females. Several factors can affect the determination of the menarche age including socioeconomic situation, family customs and nutritional status. Different researches show that obese girls become menarche earlier than thin ones. Regarding the importance of nutrition in menarche age, the present study was conducted to evaluate nutritional status among girls in Ardabil at menarche age (10-14 years old). The aim of this study was to determine the relationship among anthropometrics (e.g. weight, height, BMI, MAC), nutritional status, economic factors and menarche age.

 Methods: This cross - sectional study was done on 612 primary and secondary school girls at the age of 10-14 during 1999-2000. Height, weight and MAC of these subjects as well as their BMI were calculated. Their nutritional status (24-hour recall and food frequency) and menarche age were studied. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS ver.9 and Food Processor.

 Results: There was a significant relation between height and menarche age (P<0.05). Menarche age reduced with increasing of weight and BMI, and the differences were significant (p<0.05). Menarche age of girls whose MAC was less than 22cm was lower than individuals with MAC≥22 cm and this difference was significant (P<0.01). Girls with≥40% caloric intake from fat had lower menarche age than the other groups but this difference was not significant. Food frequencies showed that the most frequently used foods in each week were two kinds of local bread (Lavash and Barbary), sugar, vegetable oil, chocolate, cheese, apple and rice.

 Conclusions: Menarche is affected by anthropometrical factors and nutritional status (particularly fat intake).

  Background & Objective : Desire for using a contraceptive method depends on individual general attitude and perception about it as well as individual understanding, needs and other people ’ s expectation about using that method . This research is conducted to determine reasons for mothers ’ desire in choosing a specific type of postpartum contraceptive method .

  Methods : This research is a cross- sectional study. The subjects were 384 lactating mothers who referred to Isfahan Health Centers for family planning services for the first time after delivery. The data were collected using questionnaires filled out through interview. Descriptive and inferential statistic methods were used to analyze the data .

  Results : The results indicated that the most commonly used contraceptive method in lactating mothers was coitus interruptus (27.4%). The most common reasons of mothers for selecting this method was its safety (45.3%) and effectiveness (25.1%) .

  Conclusions : Because of the high failure rate of coitus interruptus, health personnel should present proper and enough training to lactating mothers and their husbands about different contraceptive methods. They should also present the application of different contraceptive methods in breast feeding and increase couples ’ ability in making proper decisions as well as choosing safe and suitable contraceptive methods .

 Background & Objective: In order to avoid amblyopia, the welfare organization of Iran performs a special program every year. Since there was no research regarding the mistake rates made by the educators, this study was conducted to determine the probable differences between educators and optometrists in terms of their mistakes in examining amblyopia. The study aimed also at decreasing the amount of this difference and programming for the better performance of amblyopia examination in the future.

 Methods: This study was performed on 260 children in 22 nursery schools of Ardabil using systematic sampling method. These children were first examined by the educators and after some time they were examined for a second time by optometrists using retinoscopy and the fingertip. The data was collected using a questionnaire filled out by both the educators and the optometrists. This data was then analyzed by X² tests and ANOVA using SPSS program.

 Results: 51.2% of the subjects were male and the rest of them (48.8%) were female. 63.5% of the nursery schools (day- care centers) were private and the others were run by the ministry of education. 13.8% of the subjects used eye glasses and 8.1% were under the control of a physician. 36.4% of the centers did not observe the standard interval. 18.8% of the educators were not skillful enough. 17.7% of the children suffered from astigmatism and 5.3% of them had a weak eyesight. Because of these factors, there was a 17.7% difference between the examination of educators and that of the optometrists.

 Conclusions: It seems necessary for the authorities to have better and more careful programs in the future for examining amblyopia.

 Background & Objective: Hepatitis C Virus is the most common cause of post-transfusion hepatitis. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis C in multiply transfused patients.

 Methods: 45 patients with B- thalassemia major, 4 patients with hemophilia and 1 patient with aplastic anemia were studied prospectively during 2000. An initial questionnaire was used to collect the data regarding age, sex, duration and interval of at blood translation family history and the type of blood product received and the date of first infusion and then a blood sample was taken for detection of antibody against HCV.

 Results: 62% of the subjects were male and 38% of them were female with the age range of 6 months- 29 years old. 92% of the patients used packed red blood cells. 27 patients had a positive family history of thalassemia and two seropositive patients (4%) had thalassemia. Duration and mean amount of blood transfused were significantly higher in patients with HCV infection. Data analysis showed now significant relationship among variables of the study and hepatitis C cases.

 Conclusions: It is concluded that multiply transfused thalassemic patients are at high risk for HCV infection. Thus, routine screening of blood and anti- HCV test in these patients is necessary.

  Background & Objective : Diabetes is one of the most important world health problems and a chronic disease that needs continuous care. Therefore, these kinds of patients should take self- care education. This study is an attempt to investigate the effect of nutritional education on blood sugar level and macronutrients intake in IDDM patients.

  Methods : 24 IDDM patients under 20 were selected for educational program on nutrition. The data were collected two times using food questionnaire (24- hour recall) and blood sugar level before and after education was estimated. The data were analyzed by paired t-test, using SPSS and Food Processor.

  Results : There was not statistically significant relationship between blood sugar level before and after education. Also the results showed that there was statistically significant relationship between macronutrients intake before and after education (P=0.35). After education, macronutrients were similar to WHO recommendations. HbA₁C level in most of the patients was 9-12% which refers to the moderate control of this diseases and hypoglycemia decreased from 4.2% to 3%.

  Conclusions : There were no remarkable changes in blood sugar but the amount of HbA₁C and Macro Nutrients showed that education had a positive effect on patients.

Background &  Objective: Burning is a problem that occurs quite frequently every day, and brings about a lot of psychophysical problems for both the burnt individual and his  family. Hospital infection,burn infection and lack of the precsie care on the part of nursing staff is one of the hospital insufficiencies.This increases the duration of hospitalization and leads to the wastage of costs and as a result is very life threatening. This study was conducted to determine the quality of burn wound dressing in burn ward of Fatemi hospital.

Methods: In this descriptive-analytical research, 100 cases of burn wounds were selected using simple sampling method, and were studied in terms of dressing quality.The data were collected using questionnaire and observation cards. The questionnaire included 9 questions regarding demographic specification and the observation card had 14 questions about the patient, 20 questions for attentive persons and 16 questions regarding equipment and solutions and 16 questions about the environment.This collected data was analysed using descriptive and inferential test.

Results: The findings indicated that the dressing quality of burn wound regarding the patients was weak (73%),average (27%) and good (0%). The equipment and solutions used were weak (52%), average (35%) and good (13%). In relation to environment weak (92%) average (8%), good (0%) and regarding attentive person weak(73%), average (27%), good (0%). There was a signnificant correlation among working experience, marital status and age of attentive personnel, and quality of burn wound caring.

  Background & Objective : Head trauma is one of the most common causes of death in accidents and it is irreversible. More than 10000 cases of brain death occur annually in Iran and less than 10% of them are donors. That is why the number of organ transplantation in Iran is much lower than Europe and America. This study was conducted to investigate the attitude of 20-60 year-old citizens of Tehran about organ donation in brain death.

  Methods : This cross-sectional study was performed on 730 subjects (384 females and 346 males ( in 2000. The questionnaire and multi-stage sampling methods were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Chi-square tests.

  Results : about 44% of the subjects believed that the brain death is virtually irreversible and 93% of these subjects agreed with transplantation. 88% of those who agreed with transplantation accepted to fill out special donation forms. Humanitarian considerations and heavenly rewards were two main reasons mentioned by these people.

  Conclusions : According to this study, it is necessary to train people in order to increase their knowledge regarding brain death and create a positive attitude about organ donation. meanwhile passing some laws in this regard which are in accordance with Islam is recommended.

 Background & Objective: The prevalence of pediculosis in communities is one of the criteria for individual hygiene and one of the important diseases among students. Pediculosis capitis is very important in boarding schools. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of pediculosis capitis and relative factors among boarding school students.

 Methods: This study with a descriptive, analytic and cross - sectional method was performed upon 417 girl students from Ardabil boarding schools who were selected using systematic method. Pediculosis was diagnosed through direct observation by trained general practitioners. The data were collected using questionnaire and were analyzed by EPI 2000 and SPSS10.

 Results: 116 students (27.8%) complained about itching of scalp.41.2% of the students never took a shower in school and only 45.2% of them took a bath in school once a week or more. 74.3% of the students said that there was a bathroom in their school and about the accessibility of these bathrooms, 53 students (12.7%) had previous involvement with head lice. 21 cases (5%) had previous treatment of pediculosis capitis. 119 of the students (28.5%) suffered from head lice. There was a significant relationship among suffering from head lice and previous illness and existence of bath in home. No significant relationship was observed among this disease and sharing devices such as comb or head scarf in school or home. Prevalence of the disease among rural students was more common than urban ones.�

 Conclusions: some boarding school in Ardabil did not have enough hygienic facilities and the students of these schools were mostly from rural areas.