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Background & objectives: Ectopic eruption is a disorder in which the tooth does not follow its usual course and if not diagnosed in a timely manner, leads to occlusal problems. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of ectopic eruption of the first permanent molar and canine in patients referred to Ardabil dental school.
Methods: By observing the panoramic radiographs, recorded from 2016 to 2017, the frequency of ectopic eruption of first permanent molars in children aged 5 to 8 years and permanent canine in children aged 10 to 13 years was determined. The frequency distribution based on sex, involved jaw, unilaterality and bilaterality were evaluated using Chi-Square test.
Results: the frequency of ectopic eruption of the first permanent molar and permanent canine was 2.1% and 6.4% respectively. There was no significant difference in the frequency of ectopic eruption of the first molar, based on the patient's gender (p=0.366), jaw (p=0.132), and unilateral or bilateral involvement (p=0.366).Also, there was no significant difference between the frequency of ectopic eruption of permanent canine and the patient's gender (p=0.384), unilateral or bilateral involvement (p=0.056). The ectopic eruption of the permanent canine in the maxilla was greater than the mandible (p=0.012).
Conclusions: In this study, the frequency values of ectopic eruption were 2.1% and 6.4% for the first permanent molar and permanent canine respectively that were in the range of other studies reported from other populations.
 

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Background & objectives: Third molar impaction (wisdom tooth) is a widespread phenomenon. It is indeed very important to study the impacted teeth pattern in the community since it will help to develop an appropriate treatment plan for individuals of the community. The aim of this study was to investigate the impaction pattern of mandibular third molar in Ardabil population.
Methods: In this study, the panoramic radiography of 382 patients referred to the Ardabil Dental Clinic, ranging 18-40 years old that had a couple of third molar teeth were investigated. The radiographs were investigated to collect data corresponding to depth-of-impaction, the distance between the canal and inferior alveolar, number of roots, shape and connection between the roots as well as the damages to neighboring structure. The collected data were coded to be analyzed through Chi-square and t- test in SPSS software.
Results: Among the cases, 42.4% and 57.6% of the subjects were male and female respectively. There is no significant difference between men and women for number of roots and the connection between them, whereas noticeable differences between men and women were observed for depth of impaction, distance from Inferior alveolar canal, the shape of the roots and damage to neighboring structures.
Conclusion: The results suggest that most of the cases had vertical angulation, regarding depth of impaction, most of the teeth were categorized in Class-B, regarding distance from Inferior alveolar, and most of the cases were in the vicinity of the canal and had two separate canals. Regarding damage to neighboring structures, most of the cases were categorized as a radiographic bone loss

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Background & objectives: Tea is a hyperaccumulator of fluoride and chronic fluoride intake is associated with multiple negative health outcomes. In this study, six brands of commercially available black and green tea were selected and the fluoride level in tea infusions tested using an ion-selective electrode method.
Methods: In this experimental study, the fluoride contents were determined using  ion-selective electrode (Mettler Toledo, USA) in four types of black tea and two types of green tea at different brewing time (3,5,15,30,60 and 120 min). The amount of tea fluoride at any time was investigated by repeated measure ANOVA and two-way ANOVA.
Results: Repeated measure ANOVA analysis showed that fluoride release for green and black tea increased as increased brewing time (p<0.05). Based on the two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test results, the mean of fluoride concentrations was high in B black tea in all brewing time. E green tea, D black tea, F green tea, A and C black tea released less fluoride respectively p≤0.05.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the fluoride content of black and green tea in different companies was different. In regard to the impact of the cultivation site and the plant characteristics which the tea is made, companies should include enough information about their product to inform consumers. The amount of fluoride in the all examined tea increases after 3 and 120 min of brewing.
 

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Background & objectives: To deal with the more and sudden prevalence of   covid-19, dentists should be aware of recent developments, especially the guidelines for the prevention of covid-19. This study aimed to assess of compliance with guidelines about the prevention of covid-19 in the dental setting in Ardabil city in 2022.
Methods: This cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study was conducted in the period from May to August 2022. In this study, 254 general and specialist dentists were examined using full-census sampling. The tool for collecting information was a researcher-made questionnaire that was valid and reliable based on the country's guidelines, which included 6 demographic and 41 questions related to compliance with the instructions related to the prevention of covid-19. After collecting the data, they were classified and analyzed using the chi-square and Fisher's exact test. SPSS software version 26 was used for data analysis. The acceptable error level was considered 0.05.
Results: The survey results showed that the rate of compliance with guidelines about the prevention of covid-19 in the index of patient management before treatment was estimated at 45%, in the index of required equipment and personal protection requirements were 72.42%, and in the index of required therapeutic action during the pandemic was 42.81%. There was a significant difference in compliance with the guidelines related to the prevention of covid-19 based on education and work history (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in compliance with the guidelines related to the prevention of    covid-19 based on gender, age, marital status, and history of corona infection.
Conclusion: The level of compliance with the guidelines related to the prevention of  covid-19 in the dental centers of Ardabil city was at an average level and was influenced by factors such as the dentist's education and work history.
 

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Background & objectives: There is a tendency to increase the risk of dementia in patients with periodontitis, but the opposite, the role of Alzheimer's disease on periodontal disease is still unclear, so in this study, the effect of experimental Alzheimer's disease on periodontal inflammatory cells, collagen fibers and neovascularization was investigated in male rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 16 Wistar male rats (230-250 grams) were randomly divided into 2 groups; control (saline) and streptozotocin 3 mg/kg (bilateral ICV injection, with a volume of 10 μl, in both groups). After 4 weeks of treatment, two groups were tested with the Morris water maze. Then the rats were killed by deep anesthesia and sampling from the papilla around the two central incisor teeth was done. Samples were fixed and the paraffin block was prepared, serial 5-micron slices were made with a microtome. After hematoxylin & eosin staining, the number of inflammatory cells (PMNs, eosinophils, and mast cells), angiogenesis, and fibroblasts were counted using a microscope (400×). Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 software and an independent T-test.
Results: The results showed that Alzheimer's disease causes an increase in periodontal inflammatory cells, collagen fibers and new vessels in the gums of mice, and the difference between these changes between the experimental and control groups was significant in all parameters (p<0.00).
Conclusion: According to these findings, Alzheimer's disease causes or aggravates inflammation and increases the rate of periodontal diseases in rat and may have the same effect in humans.
 

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Background & objectives: Dental anxiety is an effective factor in reducing children's dental visits. It is necessary to identify the factors involved in causing dental anxiety to promote public health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between dental fear and anxiety in 5-10 -year -old children with dental caries and a history of trauma in Ardabil dental clinics in 2022.
Methods: 247 children (139 girls and 108 boys) were examined in terms of demographic information, history of oral and dental trauma, and socio-economic status through a questionnaire. The dmft/DMFT index was determined using the clinical examination to check the oral health condition. Dental fear and anxiety were measured using two standard scales, FIS and CFSS-DS. Chi-square test was used for data analysis .
Results: According to the FIS index, the prevalence of dental anxiety was 11.4% and according to the CFSS-DS questionnaire, it was 18.2%. Children aged 5-7 years showed more anxiety (p=0.043). Children who had a dental visit showed higher levels of anxiety based on the CFSS-DS index (p=0.002). According to the FIS index, children without a dental visit history had a higher frequency in the "very upset" group (p=0.009). Severe dental caries in permanent teeth (DMFT) were associated with a higher level of anxiety (p=0.028). No statistically significant relationship was found between gender, number of siblings, child's position in the family, parent’s education, family income level, history of trauma and dmft with dental anxiety.
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that age, history of dental visits and decay of permanent teeth are effective factors on children's dental anxiety.
 

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Background & objectives: File fracture is one of the main concerns in root canal therapy, which can affect endodontic treatment outcomes. The present study aimed to assess the fracture rate of the Smart Tract X3 as a new file system, in comparison with the commonly used rotary file system, during the preparation of simulated severely curved root canals.
Methods: A total of  180 resin blocks with simulated severely curved canals were randomly assigned to three equal groups (n=60) including Smart Tract X3, ProTaper Universal and Neoniti. Each set of files was used for cleaning and shaping of five canals, in total, 12 sets of files were used to prepare 60 channels in each group. All files were prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The number (%) of fractures, location, length and distance of fractured segments from the apex of the block were recorded.
Results: Overall 60 files of Smart tractX3 and ProTaper universal (5 files in a set) and 36 files of the Neoniti (3 files in a set) were used. The fracture rate did not show a statistically significant difference in between-groups comparison. All fractures occurred at the apical third of the canal with the mean length of fractured segments and the distance of fractured segments from the apex of the block 2.228±0.216 mm and 0.845±0.186 mm, respectively.
Conclusion: There was no significant statistical difference among Smart Tract X3, ProTaper Universal, and Neoniti files regarding the incidence of fracture during the preparation of five severely curved canals.
 

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Background: despite the many benefits of dental implants, their cost remains a controversial issue. No study in Iran evaluated the costs and benefits of this treatment accurately, so the present study aimed to investigate the economic burden of implant surgery on the urban households of Ardabil province in 2021.
Methods: in this descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study, the economic burden of implant surgery was estimated using the cost of illness method and human capital method. In this study, based on the content and purpose, the prevalence-based approach was used and a suitable checklist was prepared.  The statistical population was patients referred to public and private centers providing dental services in Ardabil city. The sample size was calculated to be 160 people and a random sampling method was used for sampling. . Data analysis was done with SPSS version 21 software and Excel software.
Results: The results of the investigation showed that the total cost of implant surgery per unit was (118680744 Rials), 82.11% of these costs were related to direct medical costs, 10.92% were related to non-medical direct costs, and 6.97% were related to indirect medical expenses. Also, the economic burden of implant surgery on Ardabil society was estimated at 71 trillion 467 billion 62 million 235 thousand 635 Rials.
Conclusion: Implant surgery imposes a huge cost on society, so by planning the essential preventive tooth decay strategy, the economic burden imposed by implant surgery on the society of Ardabil can be reduced in the future.
 

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